PIE Roots
An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.
Filter:Allactionanimalbodycelestialcognitioncolourcountingcreationdomesticdwellingelementemotionexistencefamilyidentitykinshiplanguagelifematerialmotionnaturenumberperceptionpositionqualityritualsizesocialstatesustenancetimetooltransfertransportviolencewealthweather
| Root | Meaning | Semantic Field | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bʰer- | to carry, to bear | actionmotiontransfer | high | 0 |
| bʰréh₂tēr | brother | kinshipfamily | high | 0 |
| deh₃- | to give | actiontransfersocial | high | 0 |
| dem- | house, household | dwellingsocial | high | 0 |
| deru- | tree, wood, to be firm | naturequalitymaterial | high | 0 |
| déḱm̥ | ten | numbercounting | high | 0 |
| dʰeh₁- | to put, to place, to do | actioncreation | high | 0 |
| dʰugh₂tḗr | daughter | kinshipfamily | high | 0 |
| gʷem- | to come, to go | motionaction | high | 0 |
| gʷerh₃- | to swallow, to devour | bodysustenance | medium | 0 |
| gʷōws | cow, cattle | animaldomesticwealth | high | 0 |
| gʷʰen- | to strike, to kill | actionviolence | high | 0 |
| h₁ed- | to eat | bodysustenance | high | 0 |
| h₁es- | to be | stateexistence | high | 0 |
| h₁regʷ- | darkness, night | naturetime | medium | 0 |
| h₁reudʰ- | red | colourquality | high | 0 |
| h₁éḱwos | horse | animaltransport | high | 0 |
| h₂enh₁- | to breathe | bodystatenature | high | 0 |
| h₂ew- | to perceive, to hear | perceptioncognition | high | 0 |
| h₂ews- | dawn, east | naturecelestialtime | high | 0 |
| h₂eǵ- | to drive, to lead | actionmotionsocial | high | 0 |
| h₂ster- | star | naturecelestial | high | 0 |
| h₂ékʷeh₂ | water | natureelement | high | 0 |
| h₂éḱ- | sharp, pointed | qualitytool | high | 0 |
| h₃nómn̥ | name | languageidentity | high | 0 |
| lewk- | light, brightness | natureperceptioncelestial | high | 0 |
| leykʷ- | to leave, to remain | actionstate | high | 0 |
| meǵ- | great, large | qualitysizesocial | high | 0 |
| méh₂tēr | mother | kinshipfamily | high | 0 |
| nokʷt- | night | timenature | high | 0 |
| néwos | new | qualitytime | high | 0 |
| ped- | foot | bodymotion | high | 0 |
| peh₂- | to protect, to feed | actionsustenancesocial | high | 0 |
| peh₃- | to drink | bodysustenance | high | 0 |
| ph₂tḗr | father | kinshipfamily | high | 0 |
| snéygʷʰ- | snow | natureweather | high | 0 |
| spend- | to pour a libation, to make a treaty | ritualsocialaction | high | 0 |
| steh₂- | to stand | actionpositionstate | high | 0 |
| swépnos | sleep, dream | bodystatecognition | high | 0 |
| sóh₂wl̥ | sun | naturecelestial | high | 0 |
| weyd- | to see, to know | perceptioncognition | high | 0 |
| wódr̥ | water | natureelement | high | 0 |
| wĺ̥kʷos | wolf | animalnature | high | 0 |
| ǵenh₁- | to beget, to produce, to be born | creationkinshiplife | high | 0 |
| ǵneh₃- | to know, to recognise | cognitionperception | high | 0 |
| ǵónu | knee | body | high | 0 |
| ḱerd- | heart | bodyemotion | high | 0 |
| ḱlew- | to hear, to listen | perceptionsocial | high | 0 |
| ḱm̥tóm | hundred | numbercounting | high | 0 |
| ḱwon- | dog | animaldomestic | high | 0 |