PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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A1 root

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
angʷʰi-	eel, snake, water-serpent	animalsnature	medium	0

B120 roots

bel-	strong, powerful	qualities	medium	0
bʰag-	to distribute, allot, share	distributionsocial	high	0
bʰardʰeh₂	beard, facial hair	bodybiology	high	0
bʰedʰ-	to dig, prepare a sleeping place	domesticrest	high	0
bheg-	to break, shatter	destructionaction	high	0
bʰeh₂-	to speak, to say, to tell	communicationlanguage	high	0
bʰeh₂-d-	to go, step, walk	movementwalking	medium	0
bʰeh₂-g-	to allot, to apportion fate	religionritual	medium	0
bʰeh₂-g-₂	to eat, consume (LIV)	consumptionbiology	high	0
bʰeh₂-ǵ-	to allot, distribute (variant)	distributionconsumption	high	0
bʰeh₁-mn̥	utterance, speech	speechfamedestiny	high	0
bʰeh₁-mn̥-₂	a speaking, a statement	communication	high	0
bʰeh₂-sko-	to speak, to utter sounds	communication	high	0
bʰeh₁-tl-	instrument of speaking, lips	communicationbody	high	0
bʰeh₂-w-	to shine forth, to appear	lightcognition	high	0
bʰeh₂g-	to apportion, to share	social	high	0
bʰeHg-	to apportion, deal out	distributionconsumption	high	0
bʰeHg-d-	to bake, to harden by heat	foodcraft	high	0
bheh₂ǵ-es-	beech tree, its nut	plantwriting	high	0
bʰeHg-mn̥	beech tree (nominal)	planttreewriting	high	0
bʰelǵʰ-	to swell, to gird with a belt	clothdressbody	medium	0
bʰelh₂-	to strike, fight in battle	conflictaction	high	0
bʰendʰ-	to bind, to tie	makingsocial	high	0
bʰendʰ-₂	to bind, tie, fetter	bindingaction	high	0
bʰendʰ-eyo-	to keep binding, obligating	bindingsocial	high	0
bʰendʰ-mn̥	something bound, a binding	craftaction	high	0
bʰendʰ-mn̥-	a binding, bond, obligation	bindingsocial	high	0
bʰer-	to carry, to bear	actionmotiontransfer	high	37
bʰer-d-	to cut with a sharp edge, to shave	bodytool	high	0
bʰer-eyo-	to carry repeatedly, bear habitually	movementtransport	high	0
bʰer-g-	to hide, to protect, to bury	religiondeathdwelling	high	0
bʰer-mn̥	that which bears/carries	bearingtransformation	high	0
bʰer-mn̥-₂	something carried, a burden	actionbody	high	0
bʰer-s-	top, point, bristling tip	agriculturebody	medium	0
bʰer-tó-	carried, borne	movementbearing	high	0
bʰerdʰ-	to cut, split, separate	cuttingmaterial	high	0
bʰerǵ-	to hide, to protect	socialdwelling	high	0
bʰerǵ-₂	high, lofty, elevated	geographyelevation	high	0
bʰerǵ-es-	protection, a guarantee	lawsociety	medium	0
bʰerǵ-eyo-	to keep brightening, shining	lightquality	high	0
bʰerǵ-mn̥	high place, mountain	geographyelevation	high	0
bʰerǵ-mn̥-₂	something protected, a pledge	exchangesociety	medium	0
bʰerǵ-s-	to protect by enclosing	materialnature	medium	0
bʰergh-	to protect, preserve, hide	protectionshelter	high	0
bʰerǵʰ-	to hide, to protect, to fortify	structuressocial	high	0
bʰerǵʰ-₂	high, elevated	qualitiesstructures	high	0
bʰergh-mn̥	something high, mountain	landscape	high	0
bʰerǵʰ-mn̥-	height, elevated place	landscapeelevation	high	0
bʰerǵʰ-tó-	raised up, elevated, proud	emotionelevation	medium	0
bʰerh₂-	to bore, to pierce, to well up	structurestools	high	0
bʰerh₃-	to bore, to pierce through	actiontool	high	0
bʰerH-	to scrape, bore, perforate	actioncutting	high	0
bʰerH-eyo-	to keep bearing, enduring	actionendurance	high	0
bʰerh₂-mn̥	an opening made by boring	actionlaw	high	0
bʰerH-mn̥	that which bores, hole	openingaction	high	0
bʰerH-mn̥-₂	a bearing, carrying, burden	actiontransport	high	0
bʰerH-tó-₂	carried, borne, endured	statecarrying	high	0
bʰers-	to bristle, to stand on end	body	medium	0
bʰerw-	to boil, brew, ferment	foodcookingfermentation	high	0
bʰerw-mn̥	that which ferments, yeast	foodfermentation	high	0
bʰerw-mn̥-₂	boiling, fermenting mass	foodtemperatureprocess	high	0
bʰew-	to be, to grow, to become	lifeexistence	high	0
bʰew-mn̥-	growth, becoming, existence	existencegrowth	high	0
bʰew-sis-	nature, growth, being	natureknowledge	high	0
bʰew-tó-	that which has grown, become	existencetime	high	0
bʰew-tú-	growth, nature, coming-to-be	naturegrowth	high	0
bʰewd-mn̥-	bottom, ground beneath water	positiondepth	high	0
bhewdh-	to be aware, to make aware	cognitioncommunication	high	0
bʰewdʰ-	to be aware, to awaken	mentalsenses	high	0
bʰewdʰ-mn̥-	awareness, awakened state	cognitionawareness	high	0
bʰewg-	to bend, to flex	bodyaction	high	0
bʰewgʰ-	to bend (a bow)	toolsweapons	high	0
bʰewk-	to shine, gleam	lightsignal	medium	0
bʰeyd-	to split, to cleave (blade)	toolsweapons	high	0
bʰeyd-₂	to split, cleave, bite	cuttingaction	high	0
bʰeyd-mn̥	act of persuading, a trusting	religionsociety	high	0
bʰeydʰ-	to trust, to confide	mentalsocial	high	0
bʰeyh₂-	to strike, to cut	actiontool	high	0
bʰleg-	to shine, burn, flash	firelight	high	0
bʰlēg-	to shine, to gleam, to burn	colorlight	high	0
bʰleg-eyo-	to keep burning, blazing	firelight	high	0
bʰleg-mn̥	burning, inflammation	firebodymedicine	high	0
bʰleg-mn̥-₂	blaze, shining fire	firelight	high	0
bʰleh₁-	to blow, to puff	motionnature	high	0
bʰleh₃-	to bloom, flourish, flower	plantgrowth	high	0
bʰleh₁-d-	to gush out, to flow with blood	bodymedicine	high	0
bʰleh₁-g-	to set on fire, to blaze	firelight	high	0
bʰleh₁-g-mn̥-	a flame, blaze	firespectacle	high	0
bʰleh₁-k-	to cry out, to bleat	soundanimal	medium	0
bʰleh₁-mn̥	that which blows, breath	airfireritual	high	0
bʰleh₁-mn̥-₂	a blowing, breath	airforce	high	0
bʰleh₁-s-	to blow, to blast	soundweather	high	0
bʰleh₁-w-	to blow, swell, inflate	airswelling	high	0
bʰleh₁-wo-	yellow, golden-hued	colorappearance	medium	0
bʰleh₁g-	to shine, to be blessed	religionrituallight	medium	0
bʰleḱ-	to flash, lightning flash	weatherlight	high	0
bʰlendʰ-	to become dim, confused, blend	visionconfusion	high	0
bʰlendʰ-₂	to become unclear in vision, to be blind	visionbody	high	0
bʰlendʰ-mn̥	a mixing, a blending together	actionfood	medium	0
bʰlendʰ-mn̥-	a mixing, blending, confusion	mixtureconfusion	high	0
bʰlewH-	to overflow, to well up	waterbody	medium	0
bʰlewk-	to shine, to flash white	lightcolor	high	0
bʰorgʰ-	fortified high place, stronghold	societydwelling	high	0
bʰormo-	to buzz, murmur, drone	soundvibration	medium	0
bʰosos	bare, naked	qualitiesappearance	medium	0
bʰredʰ-	to wade through, to cross water on foot	landscapemotion	medium	0
bʰreg-	to break, to shatter	makingmotion	high	0
bʰreg-₂	to break apart, be brittle	texturedestruction	high	0
bʰreg-mn̥	that which breaks, fragment	destructionmaterial	high	0
bʰreg-mn̥-₂	something broken, a fragment	action	high	0
bʰreh₁g-	to smell, to breathe	sensesbody	high	0
bʰréh₂tēr	brother, male sibling	kinshipfamily	high	27
bʰréh₂tēr-yo-	of a brother, brotherly	kinshipsocial	high	0
bʰrem-	to hum, to buzz, to make a low sound	sound	medium	0
bʰrew-k-	to use, enjoy, consume	consumptionenjoyment	high	0
bʰrewh₁-	to brew, to boil	foodagriculture	high	0
bʰruH-	beam, bridge structure, plank	constructionlandscape	medium	0
bʰruH-mn̥	bridge, brow, eyebrow	bodyarchitecture	high	0
bʰruHg-	to enjoy, to use	socialfood	high	0
bʰudʰ-men-	bottom, foundation, ground	structuresnature	high	0

D168 roots

deh₂-	to divide, share	divisiontime	high	0
deh₃-	to give, to bestow	actiontransfersocial	high	35
deh₃-eyo-	to keep giving, bestowing	givingsocial	high	0
deh₁-ḱ-	to teach, show, cause to accept	teachingknowledge	high	0
deh₂-mn̥	portion, share, lot	fatespiritdivision	high	0
deh₃-mn̥	gift, giving	givingsocial	high	0
deh₁-mn̥-₆	something set down, an established law	law	medium	0
deh₂-mn̥-₂	a portion of time, division	time	high	0
deh₂-mn̥-₃	a dividing, a distribution	religion	medium	0
deh₃-mn̥-₂	a giving, a portion allotted	lawexchange	high	0
deh₃-no-	thing given, gift, portion	exchangegiving	high	0
deh₂-p-	to apportion a sacrificial meal	religionfood	medium	0
deh₃-r-	to give, gift (extended)	givingsocialcommerce	high	0
deh₃-r-₂	a gift, something given freely	exchangereligion	high	0
deh₃-s-	to give as instruction, to teach	exchangecommunication	high	0
deh₃-s-mn̥	a portion given, allotment	medicineexchange	high	0
deh₃-tis-	act of giving, offering	givingritual	high	0
deh₃-tl-	instrument of giving, a device for dispensing	exchange	medium	0
deh₃-tl-₂	means of giving, dispensation	exchangelaw	high	0
deh₃-tó-	given, granted	givinginformation	high	0
deh₁-yt-	something owed, a binding obligation	lawexchange	high	0
deh₂iwḗr	husband's brother, brother-in-law	kinship	high	0
deh₂p-	to sacrifice, to distribute (ritual meal)	religionritual	medium	0
deh₃p-	to apportion for sacrifice, offering	religionritual	medium	0
deḱ-	to take, to accept	social	high	0
dek-es-	honor, glory, adornment	socialbeauty	high	0
déḱm̥	ten, a decade	numbercounting	high	25
del-	to count, recount, tell	speechnumber	high	0
delbʰ-	to dig, delve, hollow	earthactiongeography	high	0
délh₁-	to recount, to count, to tell	cognitioncommunicationnumber	high	0
delk-	sweet, agreeable to taste	foodsensation	medium	0
dem-	house, household	dwellingsocial	high	29
dem-h₂-	to build (a temple), tame/domestic	religionritualdwelling	medium	0
dem-mn̥	household, built dwelling	dwellingsociety	high	0
dem-s-pot-	master of the house	governancedomestic	high	0
dent-	tooth, fang, biting edge	bodybiology	high	0
dent-eh₂	set of teeth, dentition	bodyanatomy	high	0
derk-	to see, look at	vision	high	0
derk-mn̥	glance, piercing look	visionanimalmythology	high	0
derkʷ-	to see clearly, gaze at	perceptionvision	high	0
derkʷ-mn̥-	a seeing, keen gaze	perceptionmythological	high	0
deru-	tree, wood, to be firm	naturequalitymaterial	high	23
deru-₂	firm, solid, steadfast (as a tree)	qualitiesnature	high	0
dew-₂	to worship, show reverence	religionsacred	high	0
dew-k-	to pull, lead, draw	leadershipaction	high	0
dew-k-mn̥	that which leads, duct	leadershipstructure	high	0
dew-s-	to lack, miss, be distant	absenceemotion	medium	0
dewk-	to pull, to lead by pulling	societymotion	high	0
dews-	to lack, to be in need	exchangesociety	medium	0
deyk-	to throw, to build a wall	makingsocial	high	0
deyḱ-	to show, to point	mentalsocial	high	0
deyḱ-₂	to show, point out, pronounce solemnly	speechlawcommunication	high	0
deyḱ-eyo-	to keep pointing, indicating	communicationdirection	high	0
deyḱ-mn̥	the act of showing, a sample	communicationlaw	high	0
deyḱ-mn̥-	honor, worthiness, that which is fitting	socialvalue	high	0
deyḱ-tl-	instrument for pointing, indication device	communicationlaw	high	0
deyḱ-tó-	pointed out, shown, taught	cognitioncommunication	high	0
dʰe-	to set down	positionrelation	high	0
dʰeǵʰ-	to burn, to kindle	naturefire	high	0
dʰegʷʰ-	to burn, be warm	fireheattime	high	0
dʰeh₁-	to put, to place, to do	actioncreation	high	36
dʰeH-	to set, establish (athematic)	actioncreation	high	0
dheh₁-bʰr-	skillful maker, builder	craftingcreation	high	0
dʰeh₁-bʰr-₂	a craftsman workshop, a smith	craftsociety	high	0
dʰeh₁-bʰr-eh₂	workshop, place of making	craftplace	high	0
dʰeh₁-bʰr-mn̥-	craft-work, made thing	craftproduct	high	0
dʰeh₁-gʷʰ-	to burn, to be warm, dark from burning	colorfire	medium	0
dheh₁-k-	to take, to receive	social	medium	0
dheh₁-k-₂	to make do, cause to place	actioncreationcausation	high	0
dʰeh₁-ḱ-	to make, do, put into action	actioncreation	high	0
dʰeh₁-ḱ-eyo-	to keep making, doing	actioncreation	high	0
dʰeh₁-k-mn̥	that which is made, thing	creationaction	high	0
dʰeh₁-ḱ-mn̥-	a making, thing made	actionability	high	0
dʰeh₁-ḱ-to-	that which is made, deed	actionresult	high	0
dʰeh₁-ḱ-ul-	easy to make, manageable	qualityability	high	0
dʰeh₁-l-	to suckle, nurse	nurturekinshipbody	high	0
dʰeh₁-l-₂	to bloom, nurse, nourish (variant)	growthhappinessfertility	high	0
dʰeh₁-lo-	that which is established, customary	customestablishment	medium	0
dheH-mn̥	that which is placed, law, custom	lawcustomplacement	high	0
dʰeh₁-mn̥	that which is set down, law	sociallaw	high	0
dʰeh₁-mn̥-₂	established custom, law	lawcustom	high	0
dʰeh₁-mn̥-₃	deed, action, thing done	actionevent	high	0
dʰeh₁-mn̥-₄	established rule, that which is set	lawjudgment	high	0
dʰeh₁-mn̥-₅	theme, that which is placed	languagethought	high	0
dʰeh₁-mn̥-ǵ-	a law, customary practice	lawsociety	medium	0
dʰeh₁-r-	that which holds, support	supportstability	high	0
dʰeh₁-rm-	that which is heated, warm	temperaturequality	high	0
dʰeh₁-s-	to set, place (extended)	placementaction	high	0
dʰeh₁-s-eyo-	to keep placing, arranging	arrangementaction	high	0
dʰeh₁-s-mn̥	divine law, what is laid down by gods	religionlaw	high	0
dʰeh₁-s-mn̥-	a placing together, arrangement	arrangementcognition	high	0
dʰeh₁-tis	a placing, setting, position	placementknowledge	high	0
dʰeh₁-tis-₂	act of placing, thesis	placementknowledge	high	0
dʰeh₁-tl-	instrument of placing, that which is established	actionlaw	high	0
dʰeh₁-tó-	placed, set, established	actionplacement	high	0
dʰeh₁-tó-₂	something placed, an established thing	cognitionaction	high	0
dʰeh₁-tú-	established time, appointed date	timeestablishment	high	0
dheHl-	to bloom, be green	plantgrowthcolor	medium	0
dʰeh₁s-	god, deity, the divine	sacredreligionsupernatural	high	0
dʰeḱ-	to receive, accept, be suitable	socialjudgmentbeauty	high	0
dhelbh-	to dig, to hollow out	landscapeaction	high	0
dʰembʰ-	to bury, to dig into earth	landscapeaction	medium	0
dʰenh₂-	to flow, to run (liquid)	waterliquidmotion	medium	0
dʰer-	to hold firm, to support	qualitiesstructures	high	0
dʰer-mn̥	that which holds firm, throne	authorityfurniture	high	0
dʰer-mn̥-₂	a holding, something firmly fixed	societylaw	high	0
dʰer-s-	to dare, be bold	courageemotion	high	0
dʰer-s-mn̥	boldness, daring act	emotionaction	medium	0
dʰergʰ-	to make dark, to dim, to obscure	lightcolor	high	0
dʰerǵʰ-	to fasten, make firm	bindingtruthstability	high	0
dʰerǵʰ-eyo-	to keep holding firm, enduring	timepersistence	high	0
dʰerǵʰ-mn̥-	firmness, hardness, endurance	qualitypersistence	high	0
dʰerh₂-s-	to be bold, to dare	emotionaction	high	0
dʰers-	to be bold, dare	emotioncourage	high	0
dʰers-eyo-	to keep daring, being bold	emotioncourage	high	0
dhewb-	deep, hollow	natureposition	high	0
dʰewb-	to dip, to sink into liquid	waterliquid	high	0
dʰewb-₂	to be deep, hollow	spatialdepth	high	0
dʰewb-₃	deep, dark, hidden from light	lightlandscape	high	0
dʰewb-mn̥	depth, deep place	spatialdepth	high	0
dʰewgʷʰ-	to be useful, to produce	craftfood	high	0
dʰewh₂-	to flow, to run in drops	weatherwater	high	0
dʰewH-mn̥	smoke, vapor, exhalation	smokeair	high	0
dʰews-	to scatter, to sprinkle (dew)	waterliquidnature	medium	0
dʰeyǵʰ-	to mold, to form, to knead	making	high	0
dʰeyǵʰ-₂	to form from clay, build	craftingcreation	high	0
dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥	that which is shaped, figure	formshapecreation	high	0
dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥-₂	wall, thing built from clay	domesticconstructionmaterial	high	0
dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥-₃	a wall, thing built of clay	constructionlandscape	high	0
dʰǵʰem-	earth, ground	natureearth	high	0
dʰǵʰu-	fish, aquatic creature	animalsfood	high	0
dʰǵʰyes-	yesterday, the previous day	time	high	0
dʰrebʰ-	to drive, push, run	movementforce	high	0
dʰrebʰ-eyo-	to keep running, drive	movementforce	high	0
dʰreǵ-	to draw, drag, pull along	actionmovement	high	0
dʰreǵ-₂	to pull, to drag along the ground	actionmotion	high	0
dʰreǵ-mn̥	that which is dragged, burden	weightmovement	high	0
dʰreǵ-tó-	something drawn or dragged	actioncraft	high	0
dhregh-	to pull, drag, carry	movementaction	high	0
dʰreh₁ǵ-	to pull, to drag, to draw	actionmovementforce	high	0
dhreugh-	to deceive, dream, harm	deceptiondreamcognition	high	0
dʰrew-	to be firm, to be solid	materialemotion	high	0
dʰrewgʰ-	to deceive, to dream	emotioncognition	high	0
dʰrewgʰ-mn̥-	a deception, illusion	cognitiondeception	medium	0
dʰrewH-	to hold firm, to trust	emotioncognition	medium	0
dʰrewn-	to fall into water, to drown	waterliquiddeath	medium	0
dʰreyb-	to drip, to fall in drops	waterliquid	medium	0
dʰreyb-mn̥-	a driving, forced movement	movementforce	high	0
dʰugh₂-	to milk, to be productive	foodagriculture	medium	0
dʰugh₂tḗr	daughter, female offspring	kinshipfamily	high	18
dʰwer-	door, gate	dwellingsocial	high	0
dʰwer-₂	door, gate, entrance	dwellingarchitecture	high	0
dʰwer-eh₂	doorway, entrance	domesticarchitecture	high	0
dʰwer-yo-	pertaining to doors, of the threshold	domesticboundarysocial	high	0
dʰweyh₂-	to smoke, fumigate, obscure	firesmoke	high	0
dʰweyh₂-mn̥	smoke, vapor rising from fire	fireweather	high	0
dlh₁gʰó-	long, extended	qualities	high	0
dóru	tree, wood, oak	naturematerialplant	high	0
doru-mn̥-	beam, timber, spear-shaft	plantmaterial	high	0
dreh₂-	to run, to move quickly	actionmovementspeed	high	0
dreHb-	to step heavily, trample	movementimpact	medium	0
dwey-	to fear, to be in doubt	emotioncognition	medium	0
dwi-plo-	twofold, doubled	quantitymultiplication	high	0
dwi-tó-	second, in two	numbers	medium	0
dwóh₁	two, a pair	numbers	high	0
dyew-	to shine (as divine sky), divine	religionrituallight	high	0
dyu-es-	daylight, bright day	timecelestialreligion	high	0
dyu-n-	day, daytime period	timecycle	high	0

G280 roots

gallīnā	hen, domestic fowl	animalsagriculture	low	0
ǵeh₂-	to sing, to chant, to cry out	soundreligion	high	0
gel-	cold, to freeze	natureweather	high	0
ǵembʰ-	to bite, tooth, comb	bodytool	high	0
ǵenh₁-	to beget, to produce, to be born	creationkinshiplife	high	46
ǵenH-	to beget, be born, clan	birthkinshipsocial	high	0
ǵenh₁-es-	race, stock, family line	kinshipsociety	high	0
ǵenh₁-eyo-	to keep generating, producing	creationlife	high	0
ǵenh₁-mn̥	birth, offspring, race	birthkinshipbiology	high	0
ǵenh₁-mn̥-₂	seed, germ, offspring	lifeorigin	high	0
ǵenh₁-os	clan, race, kind	kinshipsocial	high	0
ǵenh₁-s-	race, stock, clan	kinshipsocialbiology	high	0
ǵenh₁-sis	origin, birth, creation	birthoriginbiology	high	0
ǵenh₁-sko-	to come into being, begin to be born	lifeorigin	high	0
ǵenh₁-ter-	begetter, parent	kinshipbirth	high	0
ǵenh₁-tḱo-	relating to birth, of a kind	lifeclassification	high	0
ǵenh₁-tl-	birth-group, clan, noble family	socialkinship	high	0
ǵenH-tl-	means of producing, birth instrument	lifekinship	high	0
ǵenh₁-tó-	born, begotten	birthkinshiporigin	high	0
gerh₂-	to grow old, to mature	bodytime	high	0
gerh₂-₂	to cry, call out	speechsoundemotion	high	0
gerH-	to cry out hoarsely, to call like a crane	soundanimal	high	0
ǵerh₂-	to cry out, to call	socialsenses	high	0
ǵerH-	to cry out, call	soundbird	high	0
gerH-d-	to scrape, to scratch a surface	actioncraft	medium	0
gerH-eyo-	to carry on, wage, manage	actionmanagement	medium	0
ǵerh₂-mn̥	old age, the aging process	bodytime	high	0
ǵerH-mn̥-	old age, senescence	timeaging	high	0
ǵerH-ont-	old one, elder	agesocial	high	0
ǵerh₂-s-	to grow old, to wither	bodytime	high	0
ǵerh₂-tó-	grown old, aged	timeaging	high	0
ǵew-	to taste, to enjoy	sensesfood	medium	0
ǵew-eyo-	to keep yoking, joining	connectionauthority	high	0
ǵew-mn̥-	a joining, yoking, linkage	connectionsocial	high	0
ǵews-	to taste, try, choose	tastejudgmentchoice	high	0
ǵews-mn̥	act of tasting, a sampling	foodsensation	medium	0
ǵews-tó-	tasted, chosen by taste	perceptiontaste	high	0
gʰabʰ-	to give or receive	exchangesociety	high	0
ǵʰans-	goose	animalnaturefood	high	0
gʰaw-es-	to gape at, marvel	emotionperception	medium	0
gʰaws-	to gaze, observe, perceive	visionobservation	medium	0
gʰaws-tó-	observed, perceived	spiritperception	medium	0
gʰáydos	goat, young goat	animalsagriculture	high	0
gʰedʰ-	to unite, to join, to fit together	actionconnectionsocial	high	0
gʰeh₁-	to call, to invoke	mentalsocial	medium	0
ǵheh₁-	to release, to let go	actionlaw	medium	0
ǵheh₂-	to gape, yawn, open wide	openingspace	high	0
gʰeh₁-bʰ-	to grasp, to take	motion	medium	0
gʰeh₂-bʰ-	to seize, take hold	acquisitionaction	high	0
ǵheh₁-bʰ-	to yawn open, to gape	bodysound	high	0
gʰeh₂-d-	to be glad, rejoice	emotionjoy	high	0
gʰeh₂-n-	to gape open, to yawn wide	body	medium	0
ǵheh₂-w-	to gape, be wide open (extended)	openingspacevoid	high	0
gʰeh₁bʰ-	to seize, to give	socialmotion	high	0
gʰeHbʰ-	to take, grasp (a utensil)	domesticpossession	high	0
gʰeh₂d-	to unite, join, fit	unionsocial	high	0
gʰeHd-	to unite, join, be fitting	qualityunion	high	0
gʰeHd-mn̥-	a joining, meeting, gathering	socialunion	high	0
gʰel-₂	to shine, glow, be yellow/green	colorlight	high	0
gʰel-₃	to cut, wound, kill	violencecutting	medium	0
ǵhel-₂	to call, cry, shout	soundspeech	high	0
ǵhel-₃	to grow, be green, vigorous	growthcolorplant	high	0
ǵʰel-	to shine, yellow, green	naturelightcolor	high	0
gʰel-d-	to pay, yield, gold	metalcommerce	high	0
gʰel-eyo-	to keep shining, gilding	lightcolor	high	0
gʰel-it-	to sparkle, to flash with light	lightvision	medium	0
gʰel-mn̥	a cry, a calling out	soundcommunication	medium	0
ǵhel-mn̥	a calling, a yelling out	soundcommunication	medium	0
gʰel-mn̥-	a shining, gleam, golden thing	lightmaterial	high	0
gʰel-n-	gall, bile, bitter	bodytasteemotion	high	0
gʰel-s-	bile, bitter yellow fluid	bodymedicine	high	0
gʰel-tó-	bright yellow substance, gold	materialcolor	high	0
gʰel-wo-	shining yellow-green color	lightcolor	high	0
gʰelh₃-	to shine, yellow, green, gold	colorappearance	high	0
gʰelh₃-wo-	yellow, greenish	colorappearance	high	0
gʰendʰ-	to seize, to take hold firmly	action	high	0
gʰendʰ-mn̥	act of seizing, an arrest	actionlaw	high	0
gʰengʰ-	to step, go, march	movementwalking	high	0
gʰer-	to desire, to yearn	mentalemotion	high	0
gʰer-₂	to like, want, desire	desireemotion	high	0
ǵher-	to enclose, grasp	enclosuresocialagriculture	high	0
gʰer-d-	to yearn, desire strongly	desireemotion	high	0
gʰer-dʰ-	to enclose with words, protect	enclosureprotection	high	0
gʰer-eyo-	to keep desiring, craving	emotiondesire	high	0
ǵher-mn̥	an enclosure, fenced yard	dwellinglandscape	high	0
gʰer-mn̥-	gut, intestine, cord	bodyanatomy	medium	0
gʰer-mn̥-₂	warmth, heat (nominal)	heattemperature	high	0
gʰer-s-eyo-	to keep bristling, being rough	textureemotion	medium	0
gʰerd-	to enclose, to gird	makingdwelling	high	0
gʰerdʰ-	to enclose, to gird, yard, garden	structurescontainers	high	0
ǵherdʰ-	to gird, encircle, fortify	enclosureprotection	high	0
ǵherdʰ-tó-	enclosed, girded	enclosuredwelling	high	0
gʰerH-	to rub, scrape, grind	actionfood	high	0
gʰerH-mn̥	a warm thing, heated substance	temperature	high	0
gʰers-	to bristle, be rough, stubble	textureemotion	high	0
gʰers-mn̥-	a bristling, horror	emotionreaction	high	0
ghes-	to eat, to consume food	foodbody	medium	0
ǵhes-r-	hand (nominal)	bodyhand	high	0
ǵhes-tó-	held by hand, handled	bodycontrol	medium	0
gʰesd-	hand, seize by hand	bodyaction	high	0
ǵʰésr̥	hand, grasping limb	bodybiology	medium	0
ǵʰew-	to pour, to offer libation	waterliquidreligion	high	0
ǵʰew-₂	to pour, offer libation	liquidritualaction	high	0
gʰew-d-	to pour (extended)	liquidaction	high	0
gʰew-mn̥-₂	pouring, libation	liquidforce	high	0
ǵhew-mn̥-₂	pouring, libation, offering	liquidscienceritual	high	0
gʰew-r-	that which is poured, stream	waterflow	high	0
ǵʰew-t-	to call upon, to invoke a god	religionritual	high	0
gʰewd-₂	to pour out, to pour a libation	wateraction	high	0
gʰewd-eyo-	to pour out joy, be glad	emotionjoy	high	0
gʰewd-yo-	rejoicing, delight	emotionpleasure	high	0
gʰewH-	to call, to invoke	communicationlanguagereligion	medium	0
gʰewH-mn̥	that which is poured, libation	liquidritual	high	0
gʰews-	to taste, to try	sensesfood	high	0
ǵʰews-	to shout, to cry out	communicationlanguage	medium	0
ǵʰey-	winter, cold, snow	natureweather	high	0
ǵʰéy-mn̥	winter, snow-season	timenature	high	0
gʰeybʰ-	to fork, to branch off	construction	medium	0
ǵʰeymen-	winter, cold season	weatherseasontime	high	0
gʰeys-	to be in fear, to be struck with terror	emotion	medium	0
ǵheysd-₂	to strike, wound	cuttingviolencelaw	high	0
ǵʰeysd-	to be terrified, ghost/spirit	religionritualdeath	medium	0
ǵʰeysd-₂	to be angry, aggressive	emotionspirit	medium	0
ǵheysd-mn̥	hand, the grasping organ	bodymedicine	high	0
gʰeysd-mn̥-	fury, violent passion	emotionspirit	high	0
ǵʰh₂éns	goose, waterfowl	animalsnature	high	0
gʰh₁ew-	to call, invoke	speechritual	medium	0
gʰley-	to smear, to stick, to be gluey	materialaction	high	0
gʰleyd-	to gleam, to shine intermittently	lightvision	medium	0
gʰordʰ-	to enclose, gird	enclosuredwellingagriculture	high	0
gʰos-ti-	stranger, guest, host	social	high	0
gʰostis	stranger who is treated as guest or enemy	society	high	0
gʰrebʰ-	to seize, to grab	motionmaking	high	0
gʰrebʰ-₂	to reach, seize, grab	actionacquisition	high	0
gʰrebʰ₂-	to write, to scratch	makingmental	high	0
gʰrebʰ-₃	to write, scratch, draw	writingcommunication	high	0
gʰrebʰ-₄	to seize, to take hold of	actionbody	high	0
gʰrebʰ-₅	to write, to scratch marks into surface	communicationcraft	high	0
gʰrebʰ-eyo-	to keep seizing, grasping	actionpossession	high	0
gʰrebʰ-mn̥	something scratched, a mark or letter	communicationcraft	high	0
gʰrebʰ-mn̥-	a seizing, thing grasped	actionwriting	high	0
gʰrebʰ-s-	to engrave, to carve signs	craftcommunication	medium	0
gʰredʰ-	to go, to step forward	motion	high	0
gʰreh₁-	to grow, to become green	natureplantgrowth	high	0
gʰreh₁-dʰ-	to grow green, sprout	plantgrowthcolor	high	0
gʰreh₂d-	frozen pellets from sky, hail	weather	medium	0
gʰrem-	to be angry, thunder, roar	emotionsoundweather	high	0
gʰrendʰ-	to grind, crush	foodactionmaterial	high	0
gʰrendʰ-eyo-	to keep grinding, grating	soundaction	high	0
gʰrendʰ-mn̥-	ground meal, something ground	foodprocess	high	0
gʰrewb-	to dig, to scratch the ground	actionlandscape	high	0
gʰreyH-	to be heavy with sorrow, to grieve	emotioncognition	medium	0
gʰwer-	to burn, be warm, hot	fireheat	high	0
ǵhwer-	to sound, resound	soundspeech	high	0
gʰwer-mn̥	warm place, oven	heatarchitecture	high	0
gley-	to stick, adhere, be slimy	textureadhesion	high	0
gleyd-	to move smoothly, glide	movementsmoothness	medium	0
gnebʰ-	to press, to pinch	motionmaking	medium	0
ǵnebʰ-	to gnaw, bite	foodaction	medium	0
ǵneh₃-	to know, to recognise	cognitionperception	high	31
ǵneh₃-bʰ-	to gnaw, to scrape with teeth	bodyaction	medium	0
ǵneh₃-men-	means of knowing, a name	communicationcognition	high	0
ǵneh₃-mn̥	mark, sign, known thing	identityknowledge	high	0
ǵneh₃-mn̥-₂	a mark of knowing, sign	cognitionsign	high	0
ǵneh₃-sis-	act of knowing, knowledge	cognitionknowledge	high	0
ǵneh₃-sk-	to know, to recognize	mental	high	0
ǵneh₃-sko-₂	to begin to know, learn	cognitionlearning	high	0
ǵneh₃-tl-	of noble birth, well-known	socialstatusbirth	high	0
ǵneh₃-tó-	known, recognizable	cognitionsocial	high	0
ǵneh₃w-	to recognize, to know (extended)	emotioncognition	medium	0
ǵombʰ-	tooth, row of teeth, to bite	bodytool	medium	0
ǵónu	knee, leg joint	body	high	13
ǵónu-bʰ-	of the knee, bent at angle	bodyposture	high	0
gʷeh₂-	to go, walk	movementwalking	high	0
gʷeh₃-	to tread, step on	movementwalking	high	0
gʷeh₂-d-	to step, to go forward	motion	high	0
gʷeh₃-d-	to rejoice, to be glad	emotion	medium	0
gweh₃-mn̥	act of going, movement	motion	high	0
gʷeh₂-mn̥	step, going, base	movementfoundation	high	0
gʷeh₂-s-	to step on, to tread	motion	high	0
gʷeh₂-tl-	means of going, passage	motionconstruction	medium	0
gʷeh₂-tó-	gone, stepped	movement	high	0
gʷeHs-	to quench, extinguish	firecessation	medium	0
gʷel-₂	to throw, cast	actionthrowing	high	0
gʷelh₁-	to pierce, to feel guilt/pain	emotioncognition	medium	0
gʷelh₃-	to pierce, to sting, pain	bodymaking	medium	0
gʷelH-	to pierce, prick, sting	violenceaction	high	0
gʷelH-₂	to drip, to spring forth as a well	waterlandscape	high	0
gʷelh₃-eyo-	to keep swallowing, gulping	consumptionaction	high	0
gʷelH-eyo-	to keep throwing, casting	actionmovement	high	0
gʷelh₁-mn̥	pain, torment, wounding	bodyemotion	medium	0
gʷelh₃-mn̥	an acorn, a nut	foodbody	medium	0
gʷelH-mn̥	that which strikes, pain	painemotion	medium	0
gʷelh₁-mn̥-	a piercing, pain, torment	actionsuffering	high	0
gʷelH-mn̥-₂	thrown thing, projectile	weaponmovement	high	0
gʷelh₁-s-	to cause pain, to wound	bodyemotion	medium	0
gʷem-	to come, to go	motionaction	high	32
gʷem-₂	to go, come, step	movementtravel	high	0
gʷem-eyo-	to keep coming, arriving	movementarrival	high	0
gʷem-mn̥	a step, act of coming	motion	high	0
gʷem-mn̥-	a coming, approach, convention	movementsocial	high	0
gʷem-tú-	a coming, arrival	movementarrival	high	0
gʷen-tro-	womb, belly, inner cavity	bodyanatomy	high	0
gʷenh₂-	to strike, kill	violencedeath	high	0
gʷenh₃-	woman, wife	personsocialgender	high	0
gʷenh₂-es-	womanly, female nature	kinship	medium	0
gʷenh₂-ikos	relating to women, female	kinshipmedicine	medium	0
gʷenh₂-mn̥	woman, female person	kinshipsociety	high	0
gʷenh₂-mn̥-	a woman, female person	kinshipsocial	high	0
gʷer-	mountain, elevated terrain	natureearth	medium	0
gʷer-₂	to swallow, devour	consumptionbody	high	0
gʷer-mn̥	that which devours, throat	bodyconsumption	medium	0
gʷerh₂-	to praise, to welcome, grateful	qualitiessocial	medium	0
gʷerh₂-₂	to cry out, call aloud	speechconflict	high	0
gʷerh₂-₃	to welcome, to show favor	societyemotion	high	0
gʷerh₃-	to swallow, to devour	bodysustenance	medium	11
gʷerh₃-₂	to swallow, eat greedily	consumptionbody	high	0
gʷerH-	to favor, praise, bless	socialreligionemotion	high	0
gʷerH-₂	to approve, welcome, praise	socialapproval	high	0
gʷerh₃-d-	heavy, weighty, pregnant	weightstate	high	0
gʷerH-d-	to prize, to praise highly	societycommunication	medium	0
gʷerh₂-eyo-₂	to keep swallowing, consuming	consumptionaction	high	0
gʷerh₃-eyo-	to keep weighing, considering	weightemotion	high	0
gʷerH-eyo-	to keep praising, showing favor	emotionsocial	high	0
gʷerh₂-mn̥	speech, complaint	speechconflict	high	0
gʷerh₃-mn̥	that which devours, throat/abyss	bodyconsumption	high	0
gʷerH-mn̥	warmth, heated state	temperature	high	0
gʷerh₂-mn̥-	a swallowing, eating	consumptionaction	high	0
gʷerh₃-mn̥-	heaviness, weight, burden	weightemotion	high	0
gʷerH-mn̥-	praise, favor, thanks	emotionsocial	high	0
gʷerh₃-s-	to devour, consuming greedily	foodbody	high	0
gʷerH-tl-	means of warming, a furnace	temperatureconstruction	medium	0
gʷerH-tó-	favored, pleasing	emotionsocial	high	0
gʷerH-tó-₃	praised, favored, thankful	emotionsocial	high	0
gʷerh₃-tú-	heaviness, weight, dignity	weightquality	high	0
gʷes-	to quench thirst, taste	tasteconsumption	medium	0
gʷey-	to live, to sustain life	life	high	0
gʷeyd-	to know, see, find	cognitionvision	high	0
gʷeyd-eyo-	to keep seeing, watching over	perceptiondirection	high	0
gʷeyd-mn̥-	a knowing, recognized thing	cognitiondirection	high	0
gʷeyh₃-	to live, to be alive	bodybiology	high	0
gʷeyh₃-₂	to sing, cry out	speechsoundritual	high	0
gʷeyh₃-mn̥	living thing, creature	lifebiology	high	0
gʷeyh₃-teh₂	life force, living state	lifestate	high	0
gʷeyh₃-tl-	means of living, sustenance	foodlife	high	0
gʷeyh₃-tó-	alive, living	lifevitality	high	0
gʷeyh₃-tó-₂	alive, living, vital force	lifehealth	high	0
gʷeyh₃-wó-	alive, living, vital	lifequality	high	0
gʷhedʰ-	to ask, pray, bid	speechreligion	high	0
gʷhedʰ-₂	to sink, plunge	waterimmersion	high	0
gʷhedʰ-₃	to ask, to pray, to request	communicationreligion	high	0
gʷheh₂-	to shine, appear, seem	lightappearance	high	0
gʷheH-	to stride, step forward	movementlocomotion	high	0
gʷhel-	to wish, will, choose	cognitiondesire	high	0
gʷʰen-	to strike, to kill	actionviolence	high	13
gʷʰen-mn̥-	a striking, killing blow	conflictdeath	high	0
gʷher-₂	to be warm, hot	temperaturefire	high	0
gʷher-₃	to boil, to heat a liquid	firefood	high	0
gʷʰer-	warm, hot, heated	qualitiesfire	high	0
gʷher-eyo-	to keep warming, heating	temperatureaction	high	0
gʷher-mn̥	warm, to ferment	foodagriculture	medium	0
gʷher-mn̥-	warm thing, heated substance	temperaturetool	high	0
gʷʰer-s-	to bristle, be rough	emotiontexture	high	0
gʷʰn̥-tó-	struck, killed	violenceaction	high	0
gʷʰn̥-tó-₂	struck down, slain	weapondeath	medium	0
gʷneH₃-	to know, recognize (zero-grade)	cognitionability	high	0
gʷneh₃-tó-	recognized, known	cognition	high	0
gwow-pero-	cattle-herder, cowherd	animalsocial	medium	0
gʷōws	cow, cattle	animaldomesticwealth	high	27
gʷredʰ-	to stride, to walk with purpose	motion	high	0
gʷreh₂-	heavy, weighty	qualities	high	0
gʷreh₂-d-	to step, walk, go (extended)	movementwalking	high	0
gʷreh₂-d-mn̥	step, degree	movementmeasurement	high	0
gʷreh₂-no-₂	grain, kernel	agriculturefood	high	0
gʷreh₂-w-mn̥-	a weighing, measured mass	measurementwriting	high	0
gʷreh₂-wis-	weighing, heaviness	weightmeasurement	high	0
gʷreh₂no-	grain, wheat	foodagriculture	medium	0
gʷreh₂w-	to be heavy, weighty	weightphysical_property	high	0
gʷremH-	to be moist, damp, soggy	texturemoisture	medium	0
ǵyewh₁-	to chew, to masticate	foodbody	medium	0

H495 roots

h₂awi-ḱh₂ep-	hawk, bird-catcher	animalsnature	medium	0
h₃bʰel-	to swell, inflate, blow	swellingbody	high	0
h₂ed	to, near, at (proximity)	positionrelation	high	0
h₁ed-	to eat, to consume	bodysustenance	high	27
h₁ed-₂	to eat, consume, bite	foodconsumption	high	0
h₃ed-	to smell, stink	sensesmell	high	0
h₃ed-mn̥-	smell, odor	perceptionsmell	high	0
h₂eǵ-	to drive, to lead	actionmotionsocial	high	22
h₂eǵ-₂	to lead, drive (variant)	actionleadership	high	0
h₂eǵ-es-	law, binding custom	lawcustom	medium	0
h₂eǵ-eyo-	to keep driving, manage	actionmovement	high	0
h₂eǵ-mn̥	that which is driven, course	movementleadership	high	0
h₂eǵ-mn̥-₂	a driving, leading	actionleadership	high	0
h₂eǵ-mn̥-₃	action, movement, agitation	actionmovement	high	0
h₂eǵ-ro-	field, pasture	natureagriculture	high	0
h₂eǵ-ro-₂	field, open grazing land	agriculturelandscape	high	0
h₂eǵ-ro-₃	driving place, marketplace	socialplace	high	0
h₁eǵʰs	out of, from within	positionrelation	high	0
h₂egʷn-	lamb, young sheep	animaldomestic	high	0
h₂egʷs-ih₂	axe, chopping tool	toolsweapons	high	0
h₂eh₁s-	to burn, glow (of hearth fire)	domesticfire	high	0
h₂eh₃s-	to be dry, burn	firedryness	high	0
h₃eḱ-	to be swift, sharp	speedsharpness	high	0
h₃eḱ-₂	to see with the eye	visionbody	high	0
h₂éḱ-	sharp, pointed	qualitytool	high	26
h₂eḱ-es-	spike of grain, pointed ear of wheat	agriculturetool	high	0
h₂eḱ-es-tó-	sharp-cut, vinegary	tastechemistry	high	0
h₂eḱ-eyo-	to keep sharpening, making keen	qualityperception	high	0
h₂eḱ-meh₂-	anvil, striking surface	toolcraft	medium	0
h₂eḱ-men-	stone, sharp stone	natureearth	high	0
h₂eḱ-men-₂	sharpness, point of stone	sharpnessabstract	high	0
h₂eḱ-men-₃	stone tool, sharp implement	toolsharpness	medium	0
h₂eḱ-men-₄	understanding, reasoning	cognitionskill	medium	0
h₂eḱ-mn̥	sharp stone, thunderbolt	materialweather	high	0
h₃eḱ-mn̥	swift motion, eye	visionspeedbody	high	0
h₂eḱ-mn̥-₂	edge, blade, sharp line	sharpnesswarfare	high	0
h₂eḱ-mn̥-₃	sharp edge, keenness of mind	qualitycognition	high	0
h₂eḱ-mn̥-₄	principle, self-evident truth	logicprinciple	high	0
h₃eḱ-mn̥-₂	sharpness, point of the eye	bodyvision	high	0
h₂eḱ-r-	sharp point, summit	sharpnesselevation	high	0
h₂eḱ-r-₂	field, open land	agriculturegeography	high	0
h₂eḱ-r-₃	sharp point, peak of excellence	measurementbody	high	0
h₂eḱ-r-is-	sharp point, keen edge	texturequality	high	0
h₂eḱ-ro-	field, acre, open land	agriculturenature	high	0
h₂eḱ-ro-₂	at the top, extreme	elevationextreme	high	0
h₂eḱ-s-	to sharpen (extended with -s)	sharpnesstaste	high	0
h₂eḱ-s-eyo-	to keep sharpening, making worthy	judgmentvalue	high	0
h₂eḱ-s-lo-	axle, turning rod	tooltransport	high	0
h₂eḱ-s-mn̥	sharp edge, axle	sharpnessjudgment	medium	0
h₂eḱ-s-mn̥-	a sharpening, edge, axis	toolinquiry	high	0
h₂eḱ-s-mn̥-₂	an axis, pivot, hub	structurerotation	high	0
h₂eḱ-s-tó-	sharpened, honed, valued	precisionvalue	high	0
h₂eḱ-s-yó-	worthy, of great value	valuestructure	high	0
h₂eḱ-sti-	sharp awl, bristle	toolplantsharpness	medium	0
h₃eḱ-tl-	instrument for seeing, the eye	bodyvision	high	0
h₂eḱ-tó-	sharpened, driven	actionmovement	high	0
h₂eḱ-tó-₂	sharpened, done with force	actionforce	high	0
h₃eḱ-tó-₂	seen, having sight	perceptionbody	high	0
h₂eḱ-u-	swift, quick, sharp	speedsharpness	high	0
h₂eḱ-u-mn̥-	a document, sharp record	writingknowledge	high	0
h₃eḱ-ulo-	having eyes, relating to sight	perceptionbody	high	0
h₂eḱ-weh₂	sharp water, flowing water	watersharpness	medium	0
h₂eḱ-weh₂-₂	sharpness of hearing, keenness	sensationcognition	high	0
h₁eḱ-wo-	swift-moving, the horse	animaltransport	high	0
h₂eḱ-wo-	having a sharp point, keen	qualitysharpness	high	0
h₂eḱ-yó-	sharp, bitter, acid	tastesharpness	high	0
h₂eḱru-	tear, weeping	bodyemotion	high	0
h₂eḱs-	axle, axis	technologyvehicle	high	0
h₂eḱsmen-	stone, thunderbolt	natureearth	medium	0
h₂ekʷ-	to see, perceive	visionperception	high	0
h₃ekʷ-	to see, eye	sensesbody	high	0
h₂ekʷ-mn̥	something following, a consequence	motiontime	high	0
h₂ékʷeh₂	water, flowing liquid	natureelement	high	11
h₂ekʷeh₂-	water, body of water	waterlandscape	high	0
h₁eḱwo-drom-	horse-running place	animalplace	high	0
h₁éḱwos	horse, equine animal	animaltransport	high	24
h₁éḱwos₂	horse, swift one	animalsagriculture	high	0
h₂el-	to nourish, to grow	growthbody	high	0
h₂el-₂	to grow, nourish, raise	growthnurture	high	0
h₂el-is-	beyond, more, enough	quantitysufficiency	medium	0
h₂el-no-	all, entire, whole	quantitytotality	high	0
h₂el-tero-	one of two, the other	quantitydistinction	high	0
h₂elbʰ-	white, pale, bright	colorappearance	high	0
h₂elg-	to ward off, protect	protectionwarfare	high	0
h₂elg-₂	to earn, gain, merit	commercepossession	high	0
h₁elh₁ḗn	deer, elk, large cervid	animalsnature	medium	0
h₂elk-	to ward off, to defend against disease	medicinedefense	medium	0
h₂embʰ-	on both sides, around	spatialduality	high	0
h₂embʰ-i-	around, about (locative)	spatialpreposition	high	0
h₂embʰi	around, on both sides	positionrelation	high	0
h₂embʰo-	both, the two together	quantityduality	high	0
h₃emh₃-	to take hold of, possess	acquisitioncommerce	high	0
h₁en	in, into, within	positionrelation	high	0
h₁en-dʰo	into, within	directionspatial	high	0
h₂en-ew-	repeated, renewed, year-cycle	timecyclerepetition	high	0
h₁en-tero-	inner, interior	spatialquality	high	0
h₂en-ti-kʷo-	from before, ancient	timeage	high	0
h₂eng-	to bend, angle	shapespatial	high	0
h₂enǵʰ-	narrow, tight, to constrict	qualities	high	0
h₂enǵʰ-₂	to be narrow, to constrict	emotionbody	high	0
h₂enǵʰ-el-	a messenger, one who is sent	religioncommunication	high	0
h₂engʰ-es-	tightness, distress, narrowness	emotiondistress	high	0
h₂engʷʰ-	to constrict, feel narrow, anxious	emotionconstriction	high	0
h₂engʷʰ-es-	narrowness, tightness, distress	emotionphysical	high	0
h₂engʷʰ-eyo-	to keep constricting, tightening	forceemotion	high	0
h₂enh₁-	to breathe	bodystatenature	high	19
h₂enh₂-	to breathe angrily, to rage	emotioncognition	medium	0
h₂enh₂-₂	to breathe, spirit (nominal)	breathspiritemotion	high	0
h₂enh₃-	to breathe, blow	breathlife	high	0
h₂enh₁-dʰ-	to strike on (an anvil)	toolsweaponscraft	medium	0
h₂enh₁-eyo-	to keep breathing, animating	lifebreath	high	0
h₂enh₁-m-eh₂	breath, soul, life-breath	lifespirit	high	0
h₂enh₁-mn̥	breath, vital spirit	bodylife	high	0
h₂enh₁-t-	front, forehead	spatialbody	high	0
h₂enh₁m-	to breathe, soul-breath	religionritualbody	high	0
h₂enk-	to bend, hook	shapebody	high	0
h₂enk-₂	to bend, to form a hook or angle	bodytool	high	0
h₂enḱ-	to reach, attain, carry on hip	bodymovement	medium	0
h₂enk-eyo-	to keep bending, hooking	shapeaction	high	0
h₂enḱ-mn̥-	a bending, service	servicebody	medium	0
h₂enk-tro-	hooking device, anchor	toolmaritime	high	0
h₂enk-ulo-	bent, hooked, angled	shapebody	high	0
h₂ent-	front, forehead, against	positionrelation	high	0
h₂ent-h₃eḱ-	eye-facing, before the eyes	timeposition	high	0
h₂ent-kʷe	and-also, as well as	conjunctionlanguage	medium	0
h₂ent-mn̥	breath, spirit, self	breathspiritlife	high	0
h₂ent-mn̥-₂	something that faces, the front	positiontime	high	0
h₂ent-r-	interior, inner part	spatialdirection	high	0
h₂ent-swer-	to answer, to swear back	communicationlanguage	medium	0
h₁enter	between, among, within	positionrelation	high	0
h₂enti	in front, facing, against	directionopposition	high	0
h₁ep-	to take, seize, reach	actionacquisition	high	0
h₂ep-	away from, off, above	positionrelation	high	0
h₂ep-₂	to reach, grasp, handle	actionacquisition	high	0
h₃ep-	to work, produce	laborcreationwealth	high	0
h₂ep-er-	work, labor, effort	laborcreation	high	0
h₂ep-ero-	shore, bank, further side	landscapewater	high	0
h₂ep-es-	river, flowing water	waterlandscape	high	0
h₃ep-es-	work, productive labor	societyaction	high	0
h₂ep-mn̥	act of fitting, skill at joining	actioncraft	medium	0
h₂ep-mn̥-	a fitting, adaptation	qualityadjustment	high	0
h₃ep-n-	riches, abundance	exchangesociety	high	0
h₂ep-tó-	fitted, apt, suited	qualityfitness	high	0
h₁epi	upon, at, near	spatialpreposition	high	0
h₂epi	at, near, before	positionrelation	high	0
h₁epi-₂	upon, over, afterwards	spatialtemporalpreposition	medium	0
h₁epi-gʷem-	to come upon, arrive at	timearrival	high	0
h₁epi-steh₂-	to stand upon, understand	cognitionposition	high	0
h₂epo	off, away, behind	positionrelation	high	0
h₂epo-steh₂-	to stand away from, rebel	movementseparation	high	0
h₁er-	to set in motion, to stir up for war	warmotion	medium	0
h₃er-	eagle, large bird	animalsnature	high	0
h₃er-₂	to move, stir, arise	movementbeginning	high	0
h₂er-mn̥	a joining, a fitted thing	bodywar	high	0
h₃er-s-	buttocks, tail, rear	body	high	0
h₃erbʰ-	to change, to turn over	social	medium	0
h₃erbʰ-₂	to turn, change, transfer	changelabor	high	0
h₃erbʰ-eh₂-	herb, green plant	plantfood	high	0
h₃erbʰ-es-	an orphan, one bereft of heritage	kinshipsociety	high	0
h₃erbʰ-mn̥	something inherited, patrimony	kinshiplaw	high	0
h₃erbʰ-mn̥-	inheritance, passed-down wealth	kinshipwealth	high	0
h₃erbʰ-ón-	one without inheritance, servant	socialdeprivation	high	0
h₂erd-	to rise, high, grow tall	growthplantheight	medium	0
h₂erg-	to shine, white, silver	naturelightcolor	high	0
h₂erǵ-	to be white, to shine	colornature	high	0
h₂erǵ-₂	to be bright, white, shining	colorlightmetal	high	0
h₂erǵ-₃	to close, shut, confine	containmentsecrecy	high	0
h₂erǵ-ent-	shining white, silver-colored	colormaterial	high	0
h₂erǵ-es-	a working, energetic action	actioncraft	high	0
h₂erǵ-ey-	to gleam white, to be silvery	colorlight	high	0
h₂erǵ-eyo-	to keep arguing, making clear	communicationreasoning	high	0
h₂erǵ-eyo-₂	to make shine, polish, clarify	lightclarification	medium	0
h₂erg-mn̥	something worked, a thing of value	craftbody	high	0
h₂erg-mn̥-₂	work, labor, a working	bodycraft	high	0
h₂erǵ-mn̥-	bright thing, shining object	colorlight	medium	0
h₂erǵ-mn̥-₂	shining substance, money	materialexchange	medium	0
h₂erǵ-nt-	shining, white, silver	colormetalmaterial	high	0
h₂erǵ-nt-₂	the shining white metal, silver	materialcolor	high	0
h₂erǵ-nt-om	the white metal, silver, money	materialexchange	high	0
h₂erǵ-tó-	shining, gleaming white	colormaterial	high	0
h₂erǵ-tó-₂	shining, white, bright silver	colormaterial	high	0
h₂erǵ-uro-	white, gleaming (of metal)	colormaterial	high	0
h₂erǵ-y-	silver, shining metal	metalmateriallight	high	0
h₁ergh-	to shake, quiver, move jerkily	movementvibration	medium	0
h₂ergʷ-	to be bright, sparkle	lightcolormetal	medium	0
h₂erh₁-	to fit together, join	craftingskill	high	0
h₂erh₃-	to plough, to till	socialagriculture	high	0
h₂erH-	to plough, till the land	agricultureearth	high	0
h₂erH-d-	to fit together, to join properly	craftsociety	high	0
h₂erH-eyo-	to keep fitting together, reasoning	cognitionskill	high	0
h₂erh₃-mn̥	the plowed thing, a field	agriculturelandscape	high	0
h₂erh₃-mn̥-	plowed field, tillable ground	agriculturelandscape	medium	0
h₂erH-mn̥-	fitted thing, harmonious arrangement	artorder	high	0
h₂erH-tl-	plough, tilling tool	agriculturetool	high	0
h₂erH-tó-	fitted, joined, harmonious	skillcreation	high	0
h₂erh₃-tro-	plowing instrument	agriculturetool	high	0
h₂erk-	to hold, contain, guard	containmentprotection	high	0
h₂erk-₂	to sing, praise	speechritualreligion	high	0
h₂erk-₃	to ward off, defend	protectiondefense	high	0
h₂erk-₄	to hold, to contain, to guard	actionsociety	high	0
h₂erk-es-	bow, curved weapon	weaponshape	high	0
h₂erk-es-₂	chest, container, enclosure	containerpreservation	high	0
h₂erk-eyo-₂	to keep enclosing, exercising	actionritual	high	0
h₂erḱ-eyo-	to keep warding off, defending	protectiondefense	high	0
h₂erk-mn̥-	an enclosure, contained space	containmentspace	high	0
h₂erk-tó-	held back, enclosed	containmentboundary	high	0
h₂erk-tó-₂	kept back, secret	concealmentaction	high	0
h₂erkʷ-	to bend, to form an arrow/bow	toolsweapons	high	0
h₃erp-	to turn, change sides	changeseparation	high	0
h₁ers-	to be in motion, to flow	motion	high	0
h₁es-	to be, to exist	stateexistence	high	29
h₁es-₂	to be, exist (copula)	existencestate	high	0
h₁es-en-	being, essence, reality	existencephilosophy	high	0
h₁es-eyo-	to keep being, persisting	existencestate	high	0
h₁es-mn̥	being, entity, essence	existencephilosophy	high	0
h₁es-tú-	being, existence, entity	existencephilosophy	high	0
h₁ésh₂r̥	blood, vital fluid	bodybiology	high	0
h₂ew-	to perceive, to hear	perceptioncognition	high	16
h₁ew-dʰ-	to udder, swell with milk	bodyagricultureabundance	high	0
h₂ew-dʰ-	to perceive, be aware	perceptionhearing	high	0
h₂ew-dʰ-es-	perception by ear, an audience	soundcognition	high	0
h₂ew-dʰ-mn̥	hearing, the act of perceiving sound	soundcognition	high	0
h₂ew-g-	to increase, to augment	growthsocial	high	0
h₂ew-g-₂	to increase, to grow in strength	societyaction	high	0
h₁ew-mn̥	a putting on, wearing of clothes	bodytextile	medium	0
h₂ew-mn̥	vital breath, soul	breathspirit	high	0
h₂ew-mn̥-₂	a breathing, air current	airspace	medium	0
h₂ew-p-	to put on, to dress in a robe	clothdress	medium	0
h₂ew-r-	dawn light, early morning	timelight	high	0
h₂ew-s-	ear (nominal)	bodyhearing	high	0
h₂ew-s-mn̥	the early light, dawn	lighttime	high	0
h₂ew-s-mn̥-	dawn, morning light	timecelestial	high	0
h₂ew-s-r-	dawn, the dawn goddess	timenaturereligion	high	0
h₂ew-s-tó-	dried, burned by sun	heatdirectiongeography	high	0
h₂ew-tó-	increased, great	growthauthority	high	0
h₁ewd-	to be eager, burning for	emotionactivity	medium	0
h₁ewdʰ-	to swell with abundance, to be rich	bodyagriculture	medium	0
h₂ewg-	to shine, see	visionlightbody	high	0
h₂ewg-es-	growth, increase of power	society	high	0
h₂ewg-eyo-	to keep increasing, augmenting	growthincrease	high	0
h₂ewg-mn̥	that which increases, augment	growthincrease	high	0
h₂ewg-mn̥-	increase, growth, augmentation	growthincrease	high	0
h₂ewg-mn̥-₂	act of growing, increase	societyagriculture	high	0
h₂éwis	bird, winged creature	animalsnature	high	0
h₂ewk-	to cook, ripen by heat	foodcookingheat	medium	0
h₂ewk-eyo-	to keep growing, augmenting	growthaction	high	0
h₂ewk-s-	to grow, increase further	growthsupport	high	0
h₂ewk-tó-	increased, honored	authoritycreation	high	0
h₂ews-	dawn, east	naturecelestialtime	high	16
h₂ews-dʰ-	to hear, give ear to	perceptionhearing	high	0
h₂ews-es-	ear, hearing organ	bodyperception	high	0
h₂ews-r-	dawn, morning	timelightdirection	high	0
h₂ews-tro-	dawn-direction, east	directioncelestial	high	0
h₁ewt-	out, away from	directionspatial	high	0
h₁ey-	to go, to walk, to move	motion	high	0
h₂ey-	to burn with envy, to desire another's lot	emotioncognition	low	0
h₂ey-₂	to give, bestow	givingevaluation	medium	0
h₂ey-d-eyo-	to keep burning, feel passionate	emotionintensity	high	0
h₂ey-es-	metal, bronze, copper ore	materialmetallurgy	high	0
h₂ey-ǵ-	to be in awe, to revere	emotionreligion	medium	0
h₂ey-kʷo-	each one, every	quantitydistribution	medium	0
h₁ey-mn̥	a going forth, passage	motion	high	0
h₂ey-mn̥	a going, a journey	motion	medium	0
h₁ey-mn̥-	a going, wandering particle	movementscience	high	0
h₃ey-mn̥-	way, path, journey	movementpath	high	0
h₂ey-s-	to be in reverent fear, to worship	religionemotion	medium	0
h₁ey-sko-	to begin to go, set out	movementtravel	medium	0
h₁ey-tl-	means of going, pathway	motionsociety	high	0
h₂ey-tl-	means of going, a passage	motionconstruction	medium	0
h₁ey-tó-	gone, departed, past	movementdeath	high	0
h₂ey-w-	vital force, life, eternity	timelife	high	0
h₂ey-w-mn̥-	age, lifetime, eternal period	timeduration	high	0
h₂eyd-	to burn, fire	naturefire	high	0
h₂eyd-₂	to praise, revere	evaluationsocial	medium	0
h₂eyd-ero-	upper air, bright sky	skyquality	high	0
h₂eyd-es-	inner heat, envy, zeal	emotiondesire	medium	0
h₂eyd-mn̥	burning, a fire-offering	firereligion	medium	0
h₂eyd-mn̥-	a burning, conflagration	fireemotion	high	0
h₂eyd-os-	burning shame, respect	emotionshame	medium	0
h₂eyd-s-	to be in awe, revere	emotionperceptionsacred	medium	0
h₂eyd-s-₂	to honor, to revere	societycognition	medium	0
h₂eyd-tó-	burned, blazing	fireheatseason	high	0
h₂eyd-tó-₂	returned to, again	timerepetition	medium	0
h₂eyd-tro-	burning place, altar	firecosmology	high	0
h₂eydʰ-	to burn, kindle	fireheat	high	0
H₂eydʰ-	to burn, to kindle a fire	firelight	medium	0
h₂eydʰ-s-	that which burns, fire, hearth	fireseasonheat	high	0
h₂eyg-	goat, shame	animalnature	medium	0
h₂eyg-₂	to be sick, to suffer from illness	bodymedicine	medium	0
h₁eyǵ-	icy, to be covered in ice	weatherlandscape	high	0
h₂eyg-es-	illness, affliction	healthprotection	medium	0
h₂eyg-es-₂	goat, goat-related	animalprotection	medium	0
h₂eyg-eyo-	to keep driving forward, urging	movementaction	high	0
h₂eyg-mn̥-	pointed thing, stinger	shapetool	high	0
h₃eyh₁-	to go forth, to set in motion	motion	medium	0
h₁eyH-	ice, frost	waterliquidnature	high	0
h₃eyH-	to go, travel, journey	movementtravel	high	0
h₃eyH-mn̥	journey, going	travelmovement	high	0
h₁eyH-mn̥-	a going, journey, track	movementscience	high	0
h₃eyH-s-	to go quickly, rush	movementspeedbiology	medium	0
h₂eyḱ-	to possess, to be master of	societyexchange	high	0
h₂eyḱ-mn̥	possession, property owned	societyexchange	medium	0
h₂eyos	metal, copper/bronze	toolscraft	high	0
h₂eyos-	metal, copper, bronze	metalmaterial	high	0
h₂eyos-₂	copper, bronze metal	materialtechnology	medium	0
h₂eyr-	early, at the start of the day	timesequence	high	0
h₂eys-	to be in awe, to revere, to be fiery	qualityemotionsacred	high	0
h₂eysk-	to wish, to ask	communicationlanguage	high	0
h₂eysk-mn̥-	a questioning, inquiry	communicationinquiry	medium	0
h₃eyt-	to swear an oath	communicationlanguagereligion	medium	0
h₂eyw-	to live a long time, to have vital force	timelife	high	0
h₂eyw-es-	for the whole age, always	timeduration	high	0
h₂eyw-es-tro-	of long duration, eternal	timepermanence	high	0
h₂eyw-om	lifetime, age, long duration	timeduration	high	0
h₁ger-	to collect, gather	gatheringsocial	high	0
h₁ger-mn̥-	a waking, rousing	statecommunication	medium	0
h₁ḱew-	to be used to, accustom	habitsocial	high	0
h₂ḱew-	to perceive, to hear	sensesmental	high	0
h₂ḱew-mn̥-	sharpened thing, stone tool	toolmedicine	high	0
h₂kʷeh₂-	water (nominal)	watergeography	high	0
h₂leg-eyo-	to keep collecting, choosing by law	lawselection	high	0
h₂lew-	to avert, to ward off	action	medium	0
h₁lewdʰ-	people, to grow	social	high	0
h₂lewdʰ-	to grow up, people, folk	socialgrowthpeople	high	0
h₁lewdʰ-ero-	free, of the people	socialfreedom	high	0
h₂lewdʰ-sko-	to begin to grow, start developing	growthlife	high	0
h₂ley-	to grind, to crush into powder	actionmaterial	medium	0
h₁leydʰ-	to go, to depart, to die	actionmovementdeath	high	0
h₂leydʰ-	to grow, increase, free	freedomgrowthsocial	high	0
h₂leydʰ-tó-	freed, set free	freedomsociallaw	high	0
h₁leykʷ-	to leave, remain	departureremnant	high	0
h₁leykʷ-₂	to leave behind, to abandon	action	high	0
h₁leykʷ-mn̥	remainder, what is left behind	action	high	0
h₁ludʰ-	to grow, rise	growthmaterial	medium	0
h₂melǵ-	to milk, to wipe	foodagriculture	high	0
h₂melǵ-₂	to wipe off, to milk by squeezing	bodyagriculture	high	0
h₂melh₂-	to crush, to grind (with a hammer)	toolsweaponscraft	high	0
h₂melh₂-mn̥	act of grinding, a mill	foodtool	high	0
h₂melḱ-	to milk, wipe	agriculturefoodbody	high	0
h₂mey-	to diminish, lessen	quantityreduction	high	0
h₃nebʰ-	cloud, mist, sky	weathersky	high	0
h₃nebʰ-mn̥	navel, central point	body	high	0
h₂neg-	to swim, float along	movementwater	high	0
h₂neǵʰ-	reed-bed, marshy ground near water	landscape	medium	0
h₃neh₃-mn̥-	name, title, designation	languageidentity	high	0
h₃neh₃-mn̥-₂	named one, having a name	languageidentity	high	0
h₁nek-	to reach, to attain, to carry to completion	measurementmotion	medium	0
h₁neḱ-	to reach, to attain	motionsocial	high	0
h₁neḱ-₂	to perish, disappear	deathdestruction	high	0
h₂neḱ-	to reach, attain, carry	achievementsufficiency	high	0
h₂neḱ-₂	to die, perish, kill	deathviolence	high	0
h₂neḱ-eyo-	to keep reaching, attaining	movementachievement	medium	0
h₁neḱ-tó-	death, the slain state	deathreligion	high	0
h₂nḗr	man, vital force, hero	personbodysocial	high	0
h₂ner-	man, vital force	bodysocial	high	0
h₂ner-mn̥	manly strength, vital force	bodysociety	high	0
h₂ner-mn̥-	manliness, vigor, strength	bodystrength	high	0
h₂ner-t-	manly, vigorous	personstrength	high	0
h₁newn̥	nine, the number nine	number	high	0
h₂ney-	to be hostile, harm	harmconflict	high	0
h₁neyḱ-	to attack, begin, endeavor	actionconflict	medium	0
h₁neyḱ-sko-	to begin to perish, vanish	deathdecay	high	0
h₃nógʷʰ-	nail, claw	bodybiology	high	0
h₃nómn̥	name, personal designation	languageidentity	high	32
h₁nómn̥-	to name, to call by name	communicationlanguage	high	0
h₂ōḱ-	sharp, fast, swift	qualitiesmotion	high	0
h₃orbʰ-it-	circular path, track	shapemovement	high	0
h₃órbʰos	orphan, bereft	kinshipsocial	high	0
h₃ost-	bone, skeletal element	bodybiology	high	0
h₂owi-k-	relating to birds	animalflight	high	0
h₂ówis	sheep, domesticated ovine	natureanimal	high	0
h₁oyḱ-o-	household, dwelling unit	domesticsocial	high	0
h₁oyn-ḱo-	one time, single instance	timequantity	high	0
h₁óynos	one, single, alone	numbers	high	0
Hreg-	to wet, to rain	waterliquidnature	medium	0
h₂reǵ-	to straighten, to direct, to rule	lawsociety	high	0
h₃reǵ-	to straighten, to rule	sociallaw	high	0
h₃reǵ-₂	to stretch, reach, rule	powerauthoritylaw	high	0
h₃reǵ-eyo-	to keep directing, ruling	governancedirection	high	0
h₃reǵ-mn̥	rule, direction, standard	lawmeasurementauthority	high	0
h₃reǵ-mn̥-₂	rule, direction, guidance	governanceorder	high	0
h₃reǵ-mn̥-₃	straightness, rule, correction	governanceorder	high	0
h₃reǵ-s-	king, ruler	authoritylawsocial	high	0
h₃reǵ-tó-	straightened, directed, right	directionmorallaw	high	0
h₃reǵ-tó-₂	made straight, guided	orderdirection	high	0
h₁regʷ-	darkness, night	naturetime	medium	2
h₃regʷ-	to cover with darkness	light	medium	0
h₁regʷ-es-	darkness, murky realm	darknesscosmology	medium	0
h₁reHp-	to creep, crawl	movementanimal	high	0
h₁reHp-mn̥-	stolen goods, plunder	actionviolence	high	0
h₁reḱ-	to be straight, direct, right	directionmorallaw	high	0
h₂reḱ-	to arrange, reckon, rule	orderauthoritycounting	high	0
h₁rep-	to snatch, pluck	actionforce	high	0
h₁rep-mn̥-	a snatching, stolen thing	actionviolence	high	0
h₁reudʰ-	red, ruddy, reddish	colourquality	high	20
h₁rewd-	to break apart, to make rough	action	high	0
h₁rewdʰ-	red, ruddy	colorappearance	high	0
h₁rewdʰ-mn̥-	redness, ruddy color	colormaterial	high	0
h₁rewdʰ-ro-	red-colored, ruddy	colorappearance	high	0
h₁rewǵ-	to vomit, to belch	naturebody	high	0
hrewh₁-	to tear up, make rough	texturedestruction	high	0
h₁rewp-	to tear, to break	motionmaking	high	0
h₁rewp-eyo-	to keep breaking, disrupting	destructionaction	high	0
h₁rewsH-	to move violently, rush	movementspeed	medium	0
h₁reydʰ-	to ride, to move while mounted	motiontransport	high	0
h₃reydʰ-	to ride, to travel, to move	actionmovementtransport	high	0
h₁reydʰ-mn̥	an expedition, a mounted journey	motiontransport	high	0
h₁reyH-	to flow, to stream (river)	waterliquidnature	high	0
h₂reyH-	to flow, to run as a stream	watermotion	high	0
h₁reyk-	to scratch, tear, rip	actioncutting	medium	0
h₁reyk-eyo-	to keep reaching, stretching for	movementextension	high	0
h₂ŕ̥tḱos	bear, large predator	animalsnature	high	0
h₁rudʰ-	to be red, ruddy	colorbody	high	0
h₂ster-	star, celestial body	naturecelestial	high	21
h₂ster-mn̥	something spread, a layer	landscapeconstruction	high	0
h₂ster-mn̥-	spreading of stars, constellation	celestialpattern	high	0
h₂ster-mn̥-₂	a star, celestial light	celestiallight	high	0
h₂ster-n-	to spread, strew out	extensionspatial	high	0
h₁su-	good, well, soon	timequality	medium	0
h₁weg-	to weave, move in woven path	movementpathtextile	high	0
h₂weg-	to increase, grow	growthincrease	high	0
h₂wegʰ-	to ride, go on a vehicle	transportmovement	high	0
h₂wegʰ-mn̥	something moved, a vehicle	transportmotion	high	0
h₁wegʷʰ-	to speak solemnly, vow	speechrituallaw	high	0
h₁wegʷʰ-mn̥	a spoken thing, a vow	communicationreligion	high	0
h₁weh₂-	empty, vain, abandoned	qualities	medium	0
h₂weh₁-	to blow, to breathe wind	naturebody	high	0
h₁weh₂-ḱ-	empty, void, vacant	quantityabsence	high	0
h₂weh₁-n-	wind, moving air	weather	high	0
h₂weh₁-nt-	blowing, wind	weatherair	high	0
h₂weh₁-r-	water, rain, river	waterelement	high	0
h₂weh₁-t-	wind, blowing (nominal)	weatherair	high	0
h₂weh₂-t-	water (extended nominal)	waterelement	high	0
h₂weh₁-tó-₂	blown, airy, vain	qualityemptiness	high	0
h₂weHd-	to soak, to wet through	water	high	0
h₂wéh₁n̥tos	wind, blowing	natureweather	high	0
h₂weHs-	to dwell, spend the night	dwellinghabitation	medium	0
h₁weHs-r-	spring, spring season	weatherseason	high	0
h₂weHs-r-	spring season, the verdant time	timeweather	high	0
h₁weḱ-	to wish, want, will	desirewill	high	0
h₁wekʷ-	to speak, say	speechcommunication	high	0
h₂wekʷ-	to speak prophetically, oracle	religionritualcommunication	medium	0
h₁wekʷ-es-	voice, spoken word	communicationsound	high	0
h₁wekʷ-mn̥	a spoken word, a saying	communicationnarrative	medium	0
h₁wekʷ-mn̥-	a calling, spoken name	communicationcalling	high	0
h₂welg-	to be damp, to be moist	weather	medium	0
h₂welh₁-	to wish, to choose	mentalsocial	high	0
h₂welh₂-	to be strong, to prevail	strengthpower	high	0
h₂welh₁-d-	to exercise power, to command	societyaction	high	0
h₂welh₁-eyo-	to keep rolling, revolve	movementrotation	high	0
h₂welh₂-mn̥	act of turning, revolution	motion	high	0
h₂welh₁-mn̥-	a rolling, thing that turns	movementshape	high	0
h₂welh₂-mn̥-	ruling, commanding power	powerauthority	high	0
h₂welh₁-n-	to roll, to turn over	motion	high	0
h₂welh₁-s-	willed, chosen, valuable	valuechoice	high	0
h₂welh₁-tó-	rolled, turned over	movementrotation	high	0
h₂welh₂-tó-	strong, powerful	strengthevaluation	high	0
h₂welh₁-ú-	worth, value, strength	valuequality	high	0
h₁wep-	to call out, to weep	emotionsenses	medium	0
h₁werg-	to do, work, make	laborcreation	high	0
h₂werg-	to do, to work, to make	actioncreationlabor	high	0
h₁werg-es-	activity, energy, work-force	forceaction	high	0
h₁werg-eyo-	to keep working, energize	actionforce	high	0
h₁werg-mn̥	work, deed, product	laborcreation	high	0
h₁werg-mn̥-	work product, made thing	craftcreation	high	0
h₁werg-tó-	worked, activated, energized	actionresult	high	0
h₁wes-	to dress, clothe	clothingbody	high	0
h₂wes-	to shine, dawn	lighttimedirection	high	0
h₁wes-mn̥	act of dwelling, a habitation	dwellingexistence	high	0
h₁wes-mn̥-	garment, covering worn	materialclothing	high	0
h₂wes-r-	spring, vernal season	seasontime	high	0
h₂wes-teh₂	dwelling place, inhabited area	domestichabitation	medium	0
h₁wes-tú-	clothing, raiment	clothingcovering	high	0
h₂weyd-	to see, to know (having seen)	cognitionperception	high	0
h₂weyd-₂	to see, perceive, know	visioncognition	high	0
h₂weyd-₃	to gain, acquire, find	discoveryacquisition	medium	0
h₂weyd-es-	appearance, form, visible shape	visioncognition	high	0
h₂weyd-mn̥	knowledge, act of having seen	cognition	high	0
h₂weyd-mn̥-₂	form, visible shape	visioncognition	high	0
h₁weydʰ-	to find, discover, invent	discoverycognition	high	0
h₁weydʰ-mn̥-	separation, division, widowhood	separationsocial	high	0
h₁weyh₁-	to pursue, to seek with force	actionwar	medium	0
h₂weyh₁-	to desire, to pursue	emotioncognition	medium	0
h₂weyk-	settlement, dwelling cluster	domesticsettlement	high	0
h₁weyp-	to tremble, to vibrate, to wrap around	motionanimal	high	0
h₂weys-	to flow with poison, venom	medicineanimal	high	0
h₂widʰ-	to separate, divide	separationdivision	high	0
h₁widʰéwh₂	widow, separated one	kinshipsocial	high	0
h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂	wool, sheep fiber	clothdressanimal	high	0
h₁yeh₂ǵ-	to worship, revere	religionsacred	medium	0
h₂yeh₂ǵ-mn̥-	sacred thing, sacrifice	religionritual	high	0
h₂yew-	to join, yoke, bind by law	lawbindingsocial	high	0
h₂yew-n-	vital force, youthful vigor	lifetime	high	0
h₂yu-gʷ-es-	youthful period, age of vigor	timeage	high	0
h₂yuh₁en-	young, youthful	kinshipqualities	high	0

K272 roots

ḱam-	toil, be weary, suffer	emotionsuffering	medium	0
kap-	to seize, to grab	motionhand	high	0
ḱap-	to grasp, seize (extended)	acquisitionaction	high	0
kap-eyo-	to keep seizing, take repeatedly	possessionaction	high	0
kap-mn̥	act of grasping, a handle	bodysociety	high	0
ḱap-mn̥-	a field, cleared ground	landscapemilitary	high	0
kap-ut-	one (cardinal number, unity)	bodyleadership	high	0
kap-yo-	to seize, take hold of	possessionforce	high	0
kaput-	head, top of the body	bodybiology	high	0
karh₂-tó-	hard, strong, resistant	texturestrength	high	0
kart-	hard, strong	qualities	medium	0
kayl-	whole, uninjured, holy	religionritualbody	high	0
kayl-₂	whole, uninjured, sound in body	medicinebody	high	0
ḱe-	this, here (proximal deictic)	positionrelation	high	0
keg-	to catch, to hook	toolsweapons	medium	0
ḱeh₁-	to desire, to hope	emotioncognition	low	0
keh₂-d-eyo-	to keep sharpening, inciting	eventmovement	medium	0
ḱeh₂-d-mn̥-	a falling, downfall	movementdecline	high	0
ḱeh₂-k-mn̥-	dung, excrement	bodywaste	medium	0
ḱeh₁-n-	to sing, chant, intone	soundcommunication	high	0
ḱeh₁-n-tro-	singing tool, instrument	musicperformance	high	0
ḱeh₂-p-	to grasp, handle, seize	acquisitionpossession	high	0
ḱeh₂-p-₂	to seize, to take into custody	actionsociety	high	0
ḱeh₂-p-mn̥-	a taking, seizure, capture	possessionability	high	0
ḱeh₂-p-tro-	grasping tool, handle	toolpossession	high	0
ḱeh₁-ro-	grey, old and grey-haired	colortime	medium	0
ḱeh₂-s-eh₂	dwelling, hut, cottage	domesticshelter	high	0
ḱeh₁-smen-	gray, ash-colored	colortexture	medium	0
ḱeh₂-yd-	to cut, to strike down	actiontool	high	0
keh₂d-	to fall, drop, befall	movementfate	high	0
keh₂d-₃	to fall, to drop down	motion	high	0
ḱeh₂d-	to hate, to feel sorrow	emotioncognition	medium	0
ḱeh₂d-₂	to fall, drop, happen	movementfatelaw	high	0
keh₂d-es-	act of falling, downward motion	motion	high	0
ḱeh₂d-es-	falling, that which befalls	eventfortune	high	0
ḱeh₂d-eyo-	to keep falling, happening by chance	eventchance	high	0
ḱeh₂d-mn̥	something that befalls, lot or fate	deathtime	high	0
keh₂d-mn̥-	smelted metal, slag, crude material	materialmetallurgy	medium	0
keh₂d-tro-	fortified place, castle	wararchitecture	high	0
ḱeh₂k-	to be able, help, enable	abilitytool	medium	0
ḱeh₂k-mn̥	an enclosure, hedge	agriculturelandscape	medium	0
keh₃l-	to be hard, callous	texturebody	medium	0
keh₃l-₂	to call out, to summon	communicationsociety	high	0
keh₃l-mn̥	what is called, a name or summons	communicationlaw	medium	0
keh₃l-mn̥-	beauty, glory, radiance	beautyquality	high	0
keh₂p-	to seize, grasp	actionacquisition	high	0
ḱeHp-	to seize, have, hold	acquisitionpossession	high	0
keh₂p-es-	act of seizing, mental grasping	cognitionaction	high	0
keh₂p-eyo-	to keep seizing, grasping	possessionaction	high	0
keh₂p-tó-	seized, taken, caught	acquisitionlaw	high	0
keh₂p-tó-₂	something seized, taken by force	actionlaw	high	0
keh₂ro-	beloved, dear one	emotionsociety	high	0
ḱeh₂s-	to cut, castrate	cuttingsocialviolence	high	0
ḱeh₂s-mn̥	a grey animal, the hare	animalcolor	medium	0
ḱeh₂s-mn̥-	cut stone, hewn block	materialconstruction	high	0
keh₂w-	to burn, to be hot	qualitiesfire	high	0
kel-	to drive, to set in motion	motion	high	0
kel-mn̥-	covering, helmet, concealment	protectionconcealment	high	0
kelh₁-	to call, to shout	communicationlanguage	high	0
kelh₁-₂	to drive, set in motion	movementspeed	high	0
kelh₂-	to strike, to cut	making	high	0
kelh₂-₂	to strike, cut, chop	cuttingviolence	medium	0
kelH-	to be prominent, hill	geographyelevation	high	0
ḱelh₁-	to rise, to be elevated	motionnature	high	0
kelh₁-d-	to strike so as to ring, to resound	soundcommunication	medium	0
kelh₂-d-	to strike, to hew with a tool	actiontool	medium	0
kelh₁-eyo-	to keep hiding, concealing	concealmentspace	high	0
kelh₂-eyo-	to keep striking, driving	actionimpact	medium	0
kelh₁-mn̥	something elevated, a peak	landscape	medium	0
kelh₂-mn̥	something hidden, concealed thing	actionwarfare	high	0
kelh₂-mn̥-	heated chamber, warm room	domesticheat	medium	0
ḱelh₂-mn̥-	high point, summit, peak	elevationlandscape	high	0
kelh₂-mo-	stalk, stem, reed	plantmaterial	medium	0
kelh₁-s-	to be prominent, to tower	societylandscape	medium	0
kelp-	to help, to hold	social	high	0
kelp-₂	to hold, keep safe	protectionaid	high	0
kelp-mn̥	a carving, sculpted work	craftcommunication	medium	0
ḱem-	to cover (with shame), to feel shame	emotioncognition	low	0
ḱem-mn̥	a coming, arrival	motion	high	0
ḱemH-	to toil, to be weary	emotion	medium	0
ḱenk-	to gird, encircle	bindingenclosure	high	0
ḱenk-₂	to gird, to bind around the waist	bodycraft	medium	0
ḱenk-eyo-	to keep girding, binding around	bindingboundary	high	0
ḱenk-mn̥	something hung, a singing	soundcommunication	medium	0
ḱens-	to proclaim, to speak solemnly	mentalsocial	high	0
kens-eyo-	to keep assessing, declaring	judgmentmeasurement	high	0
ḱens-mn̥	proclamation, assessment	lawevaluationsocial	high	0
ḱens-mn̥-	a proclamation, public notice	communicationjudgment	medium	0
kerd-	to believe firmly, to trust as true	religionlaw	high	0
ḱerd-	heart, core, center	bodyemotion	high	29
ḱerd-₂	middle, center	bodycenteremotion	high	0
ḱerd-eyo-	to take to heart, believe firmly	emotionbelief	high	0
ḱerd-eyo-₂	to trust, place confidence	belieftrust	high	0
ḱerd-mn̥	of the heart, heartfelt	bodyemotion	high	0
ḱerd-mn̥-₂	heartfelt feeling, mercy	emotionsociety	medium	0
ḱerd-yo-	to believe, to trust	mentalsocial	high	0
ḱerd-yo-₂	connected to the heart, courageous	emotionbody	high	0
ḱerd-yo-₃	of the heart, heartfelt belief	emotionbody	high	0
kerh₂-	horn, head, top	bodyanimal	high	0
kerH-	to make, create, grow	creationgrowth	high	0
ḱerh₂-	gray, dark color	coloranimals	medium	0
ḱerh₂-₂	to mix, blend	mixingcreation	high	0
ḱerh₃-	to destroy, demolish	destructionviolence	medium	0
kerh₂-d-	to mix, to stir together	craftfood	medium	0
kerH-eyo-	to keep heating, burning	firematerial	high	0
ḱerh₂-eyo-	to keep growing, creating	growthcreation	high	0
ḱerh₂-men-	growth, sprouting grain	agriculturegrowth	high	0
kerh₂-mn̥	thing made from horn, horn vessel	materialbody	high	0
ḱerh₂-mn̥	horn, horned one	bodyanimal	high	0
kerH-mn̥-	heating device, oven, furnace	domesticfirecraft	high	0
ḱerh₂-mn̥-₂	horn instrument, trumpet call	soundmaterial	medium	0
ḱerh₂-mn̥-₃	praise, song of praise	communicationbeauty	high	0
kerh₂-n-	horn, skull, cranium	bodyanatomy	high	0
kerh₂-p-	to pluck, to gather by hand	agricultureaction	high	0
ḱerh₂-s-	thing of horn, antler	animalbody	medium	0
ḱerh₂-s-no-	brained, having a skull	bodycognition	high	0
ḱerh₂-sko-	to begin to grow, increase	growthchange	high	0
ḱerh₂-tl-	hardened thing, potsherd	material	medium	0
ḱerh₂-tó-₂	growth, fleshy tissue	bodyflesh	high	0
ḱerh₂-tó-₃	grown, matured, created	growthcreation	high	0
ḱerh₃-tó-	mixed, blended together	texturemixture	high	0
kerp-	to pluck, to harvest	makingagriculture	high	0
ḱerp-	to pluck, gather, harvest	agriculturegathering	high	0
ḱerp-₂	to pluck, to harvest by cutting	agricultureaction	high	0
kerp-es-	gathered crop, harvest yield	domesticagriculture	high	0
ḱerp-es-	body form, physical shape	bodysociety	high	0
ḱerp-eyo-	to keep plucking, harvesting	actionagriculture	high	0
kerp-mn̥	act of plucking, a harvest	agriculture	medium	0
ḱerp-mn̥-	a plucking, harvest	agricultureaction	high	0
kes-	to comb, to scratch	bodymaking	medium	0
kes-₂	to scratch, comb	actiontool	medium	0
ḱew-d-	to hide, conceal	concealmentdwelling	high	0
kew-es-	a hollowing, cave-making	shapeaction	high	0
kew-eyo-	to keep observing, heeding	cognitionperception	high	0
ḱew-H-	to swell, be powerful	swellingpowerspace	high	0
kew-mn̥-	a hollow, cavity, enclosure	spaceshape	high	0
ḱewd-	to hide, to conceal	mentalmaking	high	0
kewH-	to curse, to strike with words	communicationlanguagereligion	medium	0
ḱewh₁-d-	to hide, to cover over	dwellingaction	high	0
ḱewh₁-mn̥	a mound, piled-up earth	landscape	medium	0
ḱewH-mn̥-	a swelling, hollow	shapespace	high	0
ḱewH-ro-	swollen, powerful, heroic	societybody	medium	0
kewh₂s-	to cough, to expel air violently	bodysoundmedicine	medium	0
kewp-	to seethe, boil with anger or desire	emotiondesire	high	0
ḱey-	to lie down, home, bed	socialdwelling	high	0
ḱey-d-	to fall, to perish	death	high	0
ḱeyd-	to fall, happen, befall	eventchange	high	0
ḱeyH-	to set in motion, to impel	motionsocial	high	0
ḱh₂s-en-	hare, rabbit	animalsnature	medium	0
ḱleh₁-eyo-	to keep calling out, summoning	communicationsocial	high	0
ḱleh₁-mn̥-	a calling, summons	communicationsocial	high	0
ḱleh₁-wo-	bolt, lock, key	domesticsecurity	high	0
kleh₂w-	to hook, to fasten with a clasp	toolaction	high	0
ḱlep-	to steal, to take secretly	actionlaw	high	0
ḱlew-	to hear, to listen	perceptionsocial	high	18
klew-b-	to strike with a club, lump	toolsweapons	medium	0
ḱlew-d-	to rinse, to wash clean	hygienewater	medium	0
ḱlew-es-	fame, that which is heard	reputationperception	high	0
ḱlew-eyo-	to keep hearing, listening to	perceptionhearing	high	0
ḱlew-mn̥	what is heard, fame, report	hearingfameglory	high	0
ḱlew-mn̥-₂	that which is called, a summons	communicationsound	high	0
ḱlew-mn̥-₃	fame, renown, what is heard	reputationsocial	high	0
ḱlew-s-	to hear about, become famous	perceptionreputation	high	0
klew-t-	to patch, to cover with cloth	clothdress	medium	0
ḱlew-tó-	heard, famous, renowned	famehearing	high	0
ḱlewd-	to hear tell of, to be famous	communicationsociety	high	0
ḱlewh₂-	to hear, be famous	hearingfame	high	0
ḱlewp-	to steal, do secretly	stealthcrime	high	0
ḱlewp-mn̥	that which is stolen, theft	crimestealth	high	0
ḱley-	to lean, to incline	motionposition	high	0
ḱley-ent-	leaning, one who leans toward	socialposition	high	0
ḱley-eyo-	to keep leaning, inclining	positiondirection	high	0
ḱley-mn̥	that which sticks, slope	adhesionspatial	high	0
kleyH-	to ring out, to resound	soundcommunication	high	0
ḱm̥tóm	hundred, ten tens	numbercounting	high	25
kneyH-	to scrape, to cut with a knife	toolsweapons	medium	0
kolh₁-	hill, elevated ground	landscapegeography	high	0
ḱom	beside, with, together	positionrelation	high	0
ḱop-	hoof, to strike	bodyanimalmotion	medium	0
kₒrip-	to cut leather for shoes	clothdressbody	low	0
ḱóyno-	shared, common	society	medium	0
ḱpey-	sharp point, spear	toolsweapons	medium	0
krawb-	to move on all fours, crawl	movementanimal	medium	0
ḱred-	heart, core belief	beliefemotion	high	0
ḱred-dʰeh₁-	to place trust, to believe	religionritualcognition	high	0
kreh₁-	to grow, nourish (Ceres)	growthagriculturereligion	high	0
kreh₂-	to mix, stir, create	creationgrowth	high	0
kreh₂-mn̥	that which grows, creation	growthcreation	high	0
kreHp-	body, form, shape	bodyform	high	0
kreHp-₂	to shrivel, crisp, crinkle	textureshape	medium	0
kreHp-mn̥-	a creeping, crawling thing	animalmovement	high	0
kreHs-	to scratch, to scrape a surface	action	high	0
krek-	to make a sharp sound, to crack	sound	high	0
kremH-	to burn, smolder	fireritual	high	0
kremH-mn̥	burning, cremation	fireritualdeath	high	0
krep-	body, form	body	medium	0
krep-₂	body, form, physical shape	body	high	0
krep-es-	body, physical form	bodyphysical	high	0
krep-es-₂	evening, twilight, dusk	timedarkness	medium	0
kret-es-	power, ruling force	governancepower	high	0
krew-	to be raw, bloody flesh	bodybloodfood	high	0
krew-mn̥-₂	blood-mass, gore, raw flesh	bodymaterial	high	0
krew-p-	to move close to ground, creep	movementstealth	high	0
krewh₂-	raw flesh, blood	bodybiologyfood	high	0
krewH-	raw flesh, to congeal blood	bodyfood	high	0
krewH-es-	raw flesh, bloody mass	bodymaterial	high	0
krewp-	to form a crust, coagulate	texturefood	medium	0
krewp-₂	to crawl, to creep close to ground	motionbody	high	0
krewp-mn̥	body, form, corpse	bodyform	high	0
krewp-mn̥-₂	a crusting, outer shell	texturefood	high	0
krey-	to sieve, to separate	makingsocial	high	0
krey-₂	to buy, trade, acquire	commerceacquisition	medium	0
ḱrey-	to sieve, to separate, to distinguish	actioncognitionjudgment	high	0
krey-dʰeh₁-	to place heart, believe, trust	belieftrust	high	0
krey-h₂-	to sift, separate, judge	judgmentseparationlaw	high	0
krey-h₂-₂	to sift, to separate grain	agriculturecognition	high	0
krey-mn̥	that which separates, judgment	lawjudgmentseparation	high	0
krey-mn̥-₂	an accusation, a crying out	lawcommunication	high	0
ḱrey-mn̥-₂	a sifting, separation, judgment	judgmentlaw	high	0
ḱrey-sis-	act of separating, judgment	judgmentseparation	high	0
kreyd-	to believe, to place trust in	religionsociety	high	0
krsnó-	black, dark	colorappearance	medium	0
kselh₁-	to scrape, comb, card wool	domesticgrooming	medium	0
kup-	vessel, hollow container	domesticcontainer	high	0
kʷeh₁-	to observe, watch, appear	observationsearch	high	0
kʷeh₁-mn̥	that which is sought, question	inquirylaw	high	0
kʷeh₁-s-	to acquire, to gain possession	actioncognition	high	0
kʷeh₁-t-	to shake, agitate	movementforce	high	0
kweh₁-tó-	rested, quiet, still	timestaterest	high	0
kʷeHs-	to gasp, to pant, to wheeze	bodysoundmedicine	medium	0
kʷekʷlo-₂	turning thing, wheel, cycle	shapemovementtool	high	0
kʷékʷlos	wheel, circle	objecttransportshape	high	0
kʷel-	to turn, to move around, to cultivate	foodagriculturemotion	high	0
kʷel-₂	to turn, revolve, dwell around	movementdwellingagriculture	high	0
kʷel-eyo-	to keep turning, tending	agriculturesocial	high	0
kʷel-mn̥	that which revolves, wheel	movementvehicletechnology	high	0
kʷel-mn̥-₂	a turning, cultivation	agriculturesocial	high	0
kʷelh₁-mn̥	a turning, a cycle	agriculturesociety	high	0
kʷer-	to make, form, create	creationactionritual	high	0
kʷer-eyo-	to keep seeking, inquire	cognitioninquiry	high	0
kʷer-eyo-₂	to keep running, coursing	movementflow	high	0
kʷer-mn̥	that which is done, deed	actionfateritual	high	0
kʷer-s-	to run, course	movementspeed	high	0
kʷer-s-eyo-	to keep running, racing	movementspeed	high	0
kʷer-s-mn̥	running, course	movementpath	high	0
kʷer-tó-	purified, certain, separated	cognitionjudgment	high	0
kʷerp-	to turn, move around	movementrotation	high	0
kʷerp-es-	body, embodiment	bodyform	high	0
kʷetwóres	four, the number four	numbers	high	0
kʷetwr̥-plo-	fourfold, quadrupled	quantitymultiplication	high	0
kʷey-₂	to value, avenge, punish	punishmentlawvalue	high	0
ḱwey-	to hiss, whistle	soundspeech	medium	0
kʷey-d-	to observe, watch over	observationcare	medium	0
ḱwey-d-	to shine white, to be bright	colorlight	high	0
kʷey-es-	rest, peaceful state	statepeace	high	0
kʷey-eyo-	to keep resting, quieting	staterest	high	0
kʷey-mn̥	a resting, quietude	positionemotion	high	0
ḱwey-mn̥-	shining, holy, white thing	colorpurity	medium	0
ḱwey-t-	to shine, be bright, white	colorlight	high	0
ḱwey-tó-₂	shining, holy, bright	colorreligion	medium	0
kʷeyd-	to cut, fell, destroy	cuttingviolence	high	0
ḱweyd-	to cut, sever	cuttingaction	medium	0
kʷeyd-eyo-	to keep asking, seeking to know	cognitioninquiry	high	0
kʷeyd-mn̥-	an asking, inquiry, quest	cognitioninquiry	high	0
kʷeyH-	to rest, be quiet, peace	restpeace	high	0
kʷeyH-mn̥-	a resting, peace, requiem	restpeace	high	0
kʷeyt-	to notice, attend to, avenge	attentioncare	medium	0
ḱweyt-	white, bright, to shine	colorappearance	high	0
ḱweyt-₂	to glow, shine brightly	colorlight	high	0
kʷo-ti-	how much, of what amount	quantitymeasurement	high	0
ḱwon-	dog, hound, canine	animaldomestic	high	25
ḱyeh₁-wo-	dark, blue-gray	colorappearance	medium	0

L55 roots

leb-	lip, to lick	bodybiology	medium	0
leǵ-es-	law, that which is gathered/chosen	lawsocial	high	0
leǵ-eyo-	to keep gathering, choosing, reading	cognitionselection	high	0
legh-	to lie down, to lay oneself flat	bodyposition	high	0
legʰ-	to lie down, recline	restposition	high	0
legʰ-eyo-	to keep reading, gathering	cognitionreading	high	0
legh-mn̥	something laid down, a rule	lawsociety	high	0
legʰ-mn̥-	reasoning, speech, word-gathering	cognitionlanguage	high	0
leh₁-d-	to let, leave alone, be weary	releaseweariness	high	0
leHw-	to wash, bathe	watercleaning	high	0
leHw-mn̥	washing, bath	watercleaning	high	0
lektro-	bed, couch, place for lying	domesticrest	high	0
lendʰ-	open land, heath	landscape	high	0
lento-	slow, flexible, pliant	qualities	medium	0
lew-	to cut, to loosen	makingsocial	high	0
lewbʰ-	to love, to care for, to desire	emotioncognition	high	0
lewbʰ-₂	to desire, to love intensely	emotion	high	0
lewbʰ-eyo-	to keep loving, desiring	emotiondesire	high	0
lewbʰ-mn̥-	love, desire, pleasure	emotiondesire	high	0
lewd-	to play, jest	playentertainment	high	0
lewd-ero-	free, unrestrained, playful	emotionplay	high	0
lewd-mn̥	play, game, performance	playentertainment	high	0
lewdʰ-₂	to grow, to mount up	societyaction	high	0
lewdʰ-ero-	free, belonging to the people	socialfreedom	high	0
lewgʰ-	to swear, lie, break oath	speechdeception	high	0
lewgʰ-mn̥-	a swearing, binding oath	socialoath	high	0
lewh₃-	to wash, bathe, purify	waterpurification	high	0
lewk-	light, brightness	natureperceptioncelestial	high	25
lewk-₂	to shine, illuminate	lightcelestial	high	0
lewk-es-	brightness, light quality	lightquality	high	0
lewk-eyo-	to keep shining, illuminating	lightclarity	high	0
lewk-mn̥	light, illumination	light	high	0
lewk-mn̥-₂	a light, lamp, illumination	lighttool	high	0
lewk-s-	light, brightness (nominal)	light	high	0
lewk-tó-	brightness, shining substance	light	high	0
lewk-tro-	light-bearing, lamp	lighttool	high	0
leyǵ-	to bind, to league	socialmaking	high	0
leyǵ-₂	to bind, to tie together in alliance	lawsociety	high	0
leygʷʰ-	light (in weight), agile	qualities	high	0
leyh₂-	to pour, to flow, to offer a libation	actionritualliquid	high	0
leyH-	to pour, flow	waterliquid	medium	0
leyH-₂	to lean, incline	spatialmovement	high	0
leyH-n-	smooth fabric, linen-like	texturematerialdomestic	high	0
leykʷ-	to leave, to remain	actionstate	high	17
leyp-	to smear, to stick	makingbody	high	0
leyp-₂	to smear, stick, be fat	bodylife	high	0
leyp-₃	to stick, be sticky, adhere	bodyadhesionlife	high	0
leyp-₄	to be sticky, to smear with fat	bodylife	high	0
leyp-eyo-	to keep sticking, adhere	positionadhesion	medium	0
leyp-mn̥-	remainder, that which is left	remainderabandonment	high	0
leyp-tó-	left behind, remaining	remainderabandonment	high	0
līno-	flax, linen	clothdressagriculture	high	0
lóksos	salmon, trout	animalsfood	high	0
lókus	body of still water, lake	waterliquidnature	high	0
lūs-	louse, parasitic insect	animalsbody	high	0

M74 roots

med-	to take measures, to attend to	medicinecognition	high	0
med-eyo-	to heal, attend to, measure	healthmeasurement	high	0
med-mn̥	act of measuring, a remedy	medicinecognition	high	0
med-mn̥-	a measure, middle, means	measurementposition	high	0
medʰu	mead, honey-wine, sweet drink	foodsocial	high	0
médʰu	honey, mead, sweet drink	substancefooddrink	high	0
meg-	big, great	qualities	high	0
meǵ-	great, large	qualitysizesocial	high	25
meh₁-	to measure	mentalmaking	high	0
meh₂-d-	to be wet, drip, flow	moisturefoodagriculture	high	0
meh₁-d-mn̥	that which is measured, remedy	medicinemeasurement	high	0
meh₂-ǵ-	to knead, to work dough	craftfood	high	0
meh₂-ǵ-yo-	greater, more, to a larger degree	quantitycomparison	high	0
meh₂-k-	to knead, press, form	craftingaction	high	0
meh₂-n-	to stay, remain, wait	stasisdwelling	high	0
meh₂-n-eyo-	to keep remaining, staying	positionpersistence	high	0
meh₂-n-mn̥	act of thinking, a remembering	cognitionmedicine	high	0
meh₁-nes-	moon, month, monthly cycle	timecelestial	high	0
meh₁-ns-tro-	monthly measurement, lunar cycle	timebody	high	0
meh₁-s-	to measure out (extended)	timemeasurement	high	0
meh₁-t-	to measure, to allot a measured portion	measurementmedicine	high	0
meh₂-tér-	mother (kinship term)	kinshipfamily	high	0
meh₂-tér-₂	mother, origin, source	kinshiporigin	high	0
meh₁-tl-	instrument for cutting, middle point	materialtool	high	0
meh₁d-	to measure, give advice	measurementmedicinejudgment	high	0
meh₂gʰ-	to be able, to have power (magic)	religionritual	high	0
méh₁n̥s	moon, month	timenature	high	0
meHt-	to reap, mow	agriculturecutting	high	0
méh₂tēr	mother, female parent	kinshipfamily	high	29
meld-	to soften, to melt	waterliquid	high	0
meld-eyo-	to keep grinding, milling	actiontool	high	0
meld-mn̥-	a grinding, milled substance	foodtool	high	0
meldʰ-	to wonder, to be astonished	emotioncognition	low	0
meldʰ-₂	to be soft, yield to pressure	texturetemperature	high	0
melh₂-	to grind, to crush	makingfood	high	0
mélit	honey, sweet substance	foodnature	high	0
mēms-	meat, flesh	foodbody	medium	0
men-	to think, to have in mind	emotioncognition	high	0
men-₂	to project, jut, mountain	geographyelevation	high	0
men-dʰ-	to learn by practice, to study	cognitioneducation	high	0
men-dheh₁-	to set the mind, learn	cognitionlearning	high	0
men-dheh₁-₂	to fix in mind, remember	cognitionmemory	high	0
men-eyo-	to think repeatedly, remind	cognitionmemory	high	0
men-eyo-₂	to keep thinking, pondering	cognitioncommunication	high	0
men-s-	to measure (monthly), moon	timecelestialmeasurement	high	0
men-s-₂	the thinking faculty, mind	cognition	high	0
men-s-mn̥-	measured thing, dimension	measurementsize	high	0
men-tl-	instrument of thought, mind	cognition	high	0
men-tó-	that which is thought, mind	cognitionmind	high	0
men-tó-₂	thought, intention, purpose	cognitionintention	high	0
men-tro-	instrument of thought, counselor	cognitiontool	high	0
men-u-	small, reduced, diminished	quantitysize	high	0
mendʰ-	to learn, think, be mindful	cognitionlearning	high	0
mendʰ-₂	to chew, jaw, mouth	foodbody	high	0
merk-	to become dark, to flicker and go out	light	medium	0
mew-	to mourn, to be sad	emotioncognition	medium	0
mew-d-	to be moist, musty	moisturefood	high	0
mew-k-	to slip, move quickly	movementbody	medium	0
mew-r-	wall, enclosure	architectureenclosure	high	0
mewH-	to push away, to remove	motion	high	0
mewH-s-eh₂	inspiration, creative arts	artinspiration	high	0
mewk-	to slip, to be slimy	bodymaterial	high	0
mey-	to change, to exchange	socialmotion	high	0
mey-tʰ-	to exchange, trade, change	exchangechange	high	0
mey-tó-	exchanged, softened, gentle	emotiongentleness	medium	0
meygʷ-	to urinate	bodyexcretion	high	0
meyH-	to change, exchange, go	changeexchangemovement	high	0
meyH-tó-	changed, exchanged, moved	changemovement	high	0
mol-d-	soft, weak, to soften	qualities	medium	0
móri	body of water, sea, lake	waterliquidnature	high	0
mori-	sea, body of water	naturewater	high	0
mori-₂	body of standing water, lake or sea	waterlandscape	high	0
mur-	to murmur, to mutter softly	soundcommunication	medium	0
mūs-	mouse, small rodent	animalsnature	high	0

N22 roots

ṇ-	not, un-, negative prefix	negationgrammar	high	0
n̥dʰer-	under, below	positionrelation	high	0
n̥dʰo	in, within, inside	positionrelation	high	0
ne-h₁ey-	not ever, at no time	timenegation	high	0
nebʰ-	cloud, mist	natureweather	high	0
nebʰ-₂	damp cloud, fog, mist	weathersky	high	0
nebʰ-eyo-	to keep clouding, obscuring	weatherobscurity	medium	0
ned-	to bind, to knot (a net)	toolsweaponscloth	high	0
neh₁-	to spin, to sew with a needle	clothdresstools	high	0
neh₁-men-	name (nominal)	identitylanguage	high	0
neh₁-mn̥	an apportioned thing, a custom	measurementsociety	high	0
neh₂-w-	to navigate, sail	maritimetravel	high	0
neh₂-w-eyo-	to keep sailing, navigating	travelwater	high	0
neh₂-w-mn̥	ship, vessel	maritimetechnology	high	0
neh₂-w-tó-	skilled in water, seafarer	watertravel	high	0
nem-	to assign, allot, take	distributionlawsocial	high	0
népōts	nephew, grandson	kinship	high	0
new-	new, fresh	qualitiestime	high	0
new-tero-	neither of two, neutral	quantitynegation	high	0
néwos	new, fresh, young	qualitytime	high	32
nokʷt-	night, darkness, nighttime	timenature	high	22
nokʷt-s	night (extended)	time	high	0

O1 root

oḱtṓw

eight, the number eight

numbers

high

P156 roots

ped-	foot, lower extremity	bodymotion	high	27
ped-mn̥	act of stepping, a foot-journey	bodymotion	high	0
peh₂-	to protect, to feed	actionsustenancesocial	high	30
peh₃-	to drink, to imbibe	bodysustenance	high	21
peh₂-d-	to tread, walk, foot	movementbody	high	0
peh₂-ǵ-eyo-	to keep fastening, fix	domesticbinding	high	0
peh₂-ḱ-	to fasten, make peace	peacelawbinding	high	0
peh₂-ḱ-eyo-	to keep fastening, making peace	socialpeace	high	0
peh₂-ḱ-mn̥	act of fastening, an agreement	lawsociety	high	0
peh₂-ḱ-s-	established peace, agreement	socialpeace	high	0
peh₂-mn̥	that which feeds, food	foodsocial	high	0
peh₂-mn̥-₂	act of feeding, nourishment	foodsociety	high	0
peh₂-s-	to feed, to graze, to protect	foodagriculture	high	0
peh₂-s-mn̥	act of protecting, a shelter for animals	agriculturesociety	high	0
peh₂-sk-	to feed, nourish, graze	foodagriculture	high	0
peh₂-sk-eyo-	to keep feeding, nourishing	foodnurture	high	0
peh₂-tér-	one who protects, father	kinshipauthority	high	0
peh₂-tl-	a dish, a flat vessel for food	foodcraft	medium	0
peh₂-tó-	fed, pastured, protected	foodagriculturereligion	high	0
peh₂-tro-	shallow dish, flat vessel	domesticcontainer	medium	0
peh₂-tro-₂	rock, stone, bedrock	materiallandscape	high	0
peh₂ǵ-	to fasten, fix, make firm	bindinglawpeace	high	0
peHǵ-	to fix, fasten firmly	bindingsettlementlaw	high	0
peHǵ-mn̥	that which is fixed, page	writingcommunication	high	0
peHǵ-mn̥-₂	act of fixing, a fastening	constructionlaw	high	0
peh₂ḱ-	to fasten, to join in peace	lawsociety	high	0
peh₂w-	to strike with fear, to terrify	emotioncognition	medium	0
peh₂w-ḱo-	little, small in number	quantitysize	high	0
peh₂w-ro-	small, little, few	quantityquality	high	0
péh₂wr̥	fire, flame, burning	naturefire	high	0
peḱu-	livestock, wealth in cattle	animalwealth	high	0
pekʷ-	to cook, to ripen	foodagriculture	high	0
pelh₁-	skin, membrane, thin covering	materialbody	high	0
pelh₁-mn̥-	ground, floor, flat earth	landscapesurface	high	0
pend-eyo-	to keep weighing, hanging	weightposition	high	0
penkʷe	five, the number five	number	high	0
pent-	to tread, walk, path	movementpathreligion	high	0
pent-h₂	to tread, to find a way	motionlandscape	high	0
per-	forward, through, far	positionrelationmotion	high	0
per-eyo-	to keep trying, experiencing	cognitionaction	high	0
per-mn̥	act of crossing, a trial	motioncognition	high	0
per-tú-	crossing, passage, ford	movementcrossing	high	0
perk-	to dig up, furrow	agricultureearth	high	0
pertu-	crossing place, ford	landscapetransport	high	0
peth₁-	to spread out, extend	spatialmovement	high	0
peth₂-	to fly, to fall	motion	high	0
peth₁-eyo-	to keep falling, rush down	movementdirection	high	0
peth₂-eyo-	to keep spreading, opening	movementextension	high	0
peth₂-mn̥	that which spreads/flies	bodywritingflight	high	0
peth₁-n-	a falling, a misfortune	motion	high	0
peth₁-neh₂	pain, suffering, endurance	emotionsuffering	high	0
peth₂-r̥	father (nominal)	kinshipauthority	high	0
peth₁-r-	wing, feathered thing	bodyanimal	high	0
peth₂-sko-	to begin to spread, open out	movementextension	medium	0
peth₁-tú-	a falling, rushing toward	movementforce	high	0
peth₂-wr̥	the one who falls upon, father figure as protector	kinship	high	0
pewdʰ-	to rot, stink	decaysmell	high	0
pewg-	to prick, to sting	bodymaking	high	0
pewǵ-	to prick, fight with fists	fightingaction	high	0
pewg-mn̥	a pricking, pointed action	actiontool	high	0
pewǵ-mn̥	fist, fistfight	bodyfighting	high	0
pewg-mn̥-	a fist, striking hand	bodyconflict	high	0
pewǵ-n-	fist, closed hand for striking	bodyaction	high	0
pewg-neh₂-	to fasten by piercing, fight	conflictaction	high	0
pewǵ-s-	a blow struck with the fist	actionbody	high	0
pewh₁-	to strike, stamp, cut	actioncuttingjudgment	high	0
pewh₂-	to purify, to cleanse	makingsocial	high	0
pewH-₂	to purify, cleanse	purityjudgment	high	0
pewH-bʰl-	of the people, common	socialgovernance	high	0
pewH-bʰl-mn̥-	the people, public body	socialgovernance	high	0
pewH-d-	to cut back, to prune, to clean	actioncognition	high	0
pewH-mn̥	cleansing, purification rite	religionhygiene	medium	0
pewH-n-	to rot, decay, fester	decaydisease	high	0
pewH-n-₂	a purifying or cleansing agent	lawmedicine	high	0
pewH-n-eyo-	to keep punishing, purifying	lawpunishment	high	0
pewH-r̥	fire (nominal)	fireelement	high	0
pewh₁-r-	fire, burning	fireelement	high	0
pewh₂-r-₂	small, a few	measurement	high	0
pewH-r-eyo-	to keep purifying, cleansing	purityritual	high	0
pewH-s-	to purify, cleanse (extended)	purityreligion	high	0
pewH-t-eyo-	to keep reckoning, pruning	cognitioncalculation	high	0
pewH-tis	act of purifying, reckoning	judgmentpurity	high	0
pewH-tis-₂	cleansing, purification	puritystate	high	0
pewH-tl-	instrument for cleansing	hygienereligion	medium	0
pewH-tó-	purified, cleansed	purityjudgment	high	0
pewH-tro-	instrument for cutting, pruning tool	toolagriculture	medium	0
pewk-	to prick, sting	actionsharpness	high	0
pewk-₂	to be bushy, hairy	bodygrowth	medium	0
pewk-₃	to be hairy, to grow wool	bodytextile	medium	0
pewk-eyo-	to keep pricking, puncturing	actionprecision	high	0
pewk-mn̥	that which pricks, point	sharpnessgeometry	high	0
pewk-s-	hairy, thick-haired	bodygrowth	medium	0
pewk-tro-	stabbing tool, pointed instrument	toolaction	high	0
pewt-	drinking vessel, pot	domesticcontainerdrink	medium	0
pewt-eyo-	to keep reckoning, thinking	cognitioncalculation	high	0
peyH-	to be fat, to swell	bodynature	high	0
peyH-mn̥-	fatness, richness, abundance	abundancenature	medium	0
peynt-	to paint, decorate with color	artcolor	high	0
peyt-	to nourish, feed	foodnurture	high	0
peyt-mn̥-	devotion, faithful duty	religionduty	high	0
peyt-yo-	to suffer, feel compassion for	emotioncompassion	high	0
ph₂tḗr	father, male parent	kinshipfamily	high	27
piH-	fat, sap, to be fat	qualitiesfood	high	0
pilo-	pressed material, felt	clothdress	medium	0
pisk-	fish, aquatic creature	animalwater	high	0
pleh₁-	to fill, full	qualities	high	0
pleh₂-	flat, broad, to spread	qualities	high	0
pleh₁-dʰ-	to clap, to strike flat	actionsound	high	0
pleh₂-es-	flat expanse, an open area	landscapedwelling	high	0
pleh₂-eyo-	to keep spreading flat	surfacecommunication	high	0
pleh₂-k-	to strike flat, to slap	actionemotion	high	0
pleh₂-ḱ-	to please, be agreeable	emotionsocial	high	0
pleh₁-ḱ-mn̥-	a blow, striking	actionsuffering	high	0
pleh₂-mn̥	flat surface, palm	bodyflatness	high	0
pleh₂-mn̥-₂	flat open ground, a plain	landscape	high	0
pleh₁-no-	filled up, complete	quantityfullness	high	0
pleh₂-t-	to spread, flatten (extended)	spatialflatness	high	0
pleh₁-tó-	filled, full	quantityfullness	high	0
pleh₂-tú-	breadth, width, flat expanse	shapespace	high	0
pleh₂k-	to strike, beat	actionviolence	high	0
pleh₁ḱ-	to plait, to weave flax	clothdressagriculture	medium	0
plek-₂	to plait, weave (variant)	craftingtextile	high	0
pleḱ-	to plait, weave, fold	craftingtextile	high	0
pleḱ-eyo-	to keep folding, weaving	craftstructure	high	0
pleḱ-mn̥	something braided, wickerwork	crafttextile	medium	0
pleḱ-s-	woven, folded, layered	texturestructure	high	0
pleḱ-tó-	woven, plaited	textilestructure	high	0
pleth₂-	to spread out flat	spatialshape	high	0
plew-	to flow, to swim	motionwater	high	0
plew-d-	to flow, float, flee	watermovement	high	0
plew-k-	to float, fly, flow	movementairwater	medium	0
plew-k-mn̥-	feathery, downy, fluffy	texturematerial	high	0
plew-mn̥-	lung, floating organ	bodyorgan	high	0
plew-mn̥-₂	a flowing, stream, flood	watermovement	high	0
plew-s-	more, excess of flow	quantityexcess	high	0
plewm-on-	lung, breather, floating organ	bodyorgan	high	0
pleyḱ-	to tear, pluck	actiontextile	high	0
pleyḱ-₂	to fold, interweave	craftingfolding	high	0
pnew-	to breathe, to pant	bodymedicine	high	0
polH-	pale, gray, fallow	colorappearance	high	0
polh₁-u-	much, many, abundant	quantityabundance	high	0
pṓnts	bridge, path, way	structuresmotion	high	0
preh₂-	to ask, to pray	mentalsocial	high	0
preH-	to fill, satisfy	quantityfullness	high	0
preh₂-eyo-	to give out before, provide	givingprovision	medium	0
preḱ-	to ask, to pray, to entreat	communicationreligion	high	0
pres-	to freeze, burn with cold	temperatureweather	high	0
preti-	back and forth, value given in return	exchangevalue	high	0
prews-	to freeze, to burn with cold	weathertemperature	high	0
prey	before, in front of	timespatial	high	0
preyH-	to love, be pleased	emotionsocial	high	0
preyH-mn̥-	love, affection, freedom	emotionsocial	high	0
pr̥h₃wós	first, foremost	numbersqualities	high	0
pro-	forward, for, before	directionspatial	high	0
pro-bʰew-	to grow forth, prove	verificationgrowth	high	0
pstew-	to sneeze, to expel through the nose	bodysoundmedicine	medium	0

R7 roots

reg-mn̥	act of stretching, a reaching	actionmeasurement	high
rem-	to be still, to rest quietly	dwellingposition	medium
ret-	to run, to roll, round	qualitiesmotion	high
rewdʰ-	to be red, to redden	color	high
rewH-	to roar, to bellow loudly	sound	high
rewk-	to be bright, light	naturelight	medium
rewk-mn̥-	a breaking, breach, rupture	destructionpath	high

S226 roots

sak-	to sanctify, to make holy	religionritual	high	0
saws-	dry, to dry out	qualitiesnature	medium	0
sed-	to sit, to be seated	positionsocial	high	0
sed-elo-	sitting long, lingering, late	timedelay	medium	0
sed-eyo-	to keep sitting, remain settled	positionrest	high	0
sed-mn̥	act of sitting, a session	positionlaw	high	0
sed-mn̥-	a seat, settled place	positionplace	high	0
seh₁-	to sow, to plant	natureagriculture	high	0
seh₁-d-	to sow, plant (extended)	agriculturetime	high	0
seh₁-d-eyo-	to keep sitting, settling	positionstate	high	0
seh₁-d-mn̥	act of settling, a fixed place	positiondwelling	high	0
seh₁-ḱ-lo-	cycle, recurring age	timecycle	high	0
seh₁-mn̥	seed, the thing sown	agriculturelife	high	0
seh₁-mn̥-	seed, that which is planted	agriculturelife	high	0
seh₁-mn̥-₂	seed, sowing	agriculturereproduction	high	0
seh₁-mn̥-₃	sowing, seed time	agriculturereproductiontime	high	0
seh₁-mn̥-₄	seed, that which is sown	agriculturereproduction	high	0
seh₁-mn̥-₅	the act of sowing, planting season	agriculturetime	high	0
seh₁-tl-	seat, settlement	dwellingfurniture	high	0
seh₁-tl-₂	a settled place, established dwelling	dwellingposition	high	0
seh₁-tó-	sown, planted	agriculturetime	high	0
seh₂g-	to seek the divine, to sacrifice	religionritual	medium	0
seh₂g-₂	to seek, search, track	searchpursuit	high	0
seh₂g-eyo-	to keep seeking, tracking	cognitionsearch	high	0
seh₂g-mn̥	that which is sought, trail	searchwisdom	high	0
seh₂g-mn̥-₂	a seeking, a legal suit	lawaction	high	0
seh₂g-tó-	thing sought out, tracked	cognitionnarrative	medium	0
seh₂k-	to consecrate, to make sacred	religionritual	high	0
seh₂k-mn̥	that which is sacred, rite	religionritual	high	0
seh₂k-mn̥-₂	act of consecrating, holy rite	religion	high	0
seh₂k-r-	sacred, consecrated	religionritualsacred	high	0
seh₂k-ro-	set apart as holy, consecrated	religion	high	0
seh₂l-	salt, sea water	foodtastemaritime	high	0
seh₂l-d-	salted, preserved	foodpreservation	high	0
seh₂l-mn̥-	salt, seasoning, preservation	foodtrade	high	0
seh₂l-s-	the salty substance, brine	foodmaterial	high	0
seh₁mi-	half, one of two parts	quantitydivision	high	0
séh₁mn̥	seed, sown grain	foodagriculture	high	0
seh₂wl̥-	salt, mineral seasoning	naturefood	high	0
sek-mn̥	that which cuts, segment	cuttingdivision	high	0
sek-uro-	free from care, safe	safetystate	high	0
sekH-	to cut, divide	actiondivision	high	0
sekʷ-	to say, to tell, to utter	communicationlanguage	high	0
sekʷ-eyo-	to keep following, pursuing	orderfollowing	high	0
sekʷ-mn̥-	a sign, indicator, mark	communicationmarking	high	0
sekʷ-mn̥-₂	following, that which comes after	ordertime	high	0
sekʷ-mn̥-₃	act of following, a sequence	motionlaw	high	0
sekʷ-tó-	followed, that which follows	orderfollowing	high	0
selh₂-	to take, to grab hold of	exchange	medium	0
sem-	one, together	numbersocial	high	0
sem-₂	one, same, together	numberunity	high	0
sḗm-	summer, warm season	timenature	medium	0
sem-bʰl-	together, assembled	socialunity	high	0
sem-el-	once, a single time	quantitytime	high	0
sem-per-	one time through, always, ever	timepermanence	high	0
sem-pleh₁-	one-fold, not complex	quantityquality	high	0
sengʷ-	to sing, make an incantation	musicspeechritual	high	0
sengʷʰ-	to sing, to chant	mentalart	high	0
sengʷʰ-mn̥-	sung thing, incantation	soundritual	high	0
senh₁-	old, aged, elder	qualitiestime	high	0
senh₂-	to sing, to compose	communicationlanguageart	high	0
senh₁-eḱ-	old, aged, venerable	timeaging	high	0
septm̥	seven, the number seven	number	high	0
ser-	to flow, to move	motionwater	high	0
ser-eyo-	to keep joining, connecting in series	orderconnection	high	0
sérpents	snake, serpent, creeping thing	animalsnature	high	0
sew-bʰ-	one's own, of the self	societycognition	high	0
sew-d-	to move, to go southward	directionsky	medium	0
sew-eyo-	to keep stitching, sewing	craftbinding	high	0
sew-mn̥	that which is sewn, seam	textilecrafting	high	0
sew-mn̥-₂	act of stitching, the sewn thing	crafttextile	high	0
sew-tl-	instrument for sewing, needle or awl	crafttool	medium	0
sewh₁-	to sew, to stitch	actioncrafttextile	high	0
seykʷ-	to pour out, trickle	liquidbody	medium	0
skeh₁-	to cut, split, separate	cuttingknowledge	high	0
skeh₂-	to harm, damage	harmdamage	medium	0
sḱeh₂-	to cut, to separate with a blade	actiontool	medium	0
skeh₂-d-	to scatter, to spread apart	action	high	0
skeh₁-mn̥	a shadow, a reflection	lightvision	medium	0
skeh₂-mn̥	a covering, a shelter	bodydwelling	high	0
skeh₂-mn̥-	a shade, shadow, phantom	lightdarkness	medium	0
skel-	to cut, to split	making	high	0
sḱel-	to cut, to split apart	actiontool	high	0
skel-eyo-	to keep cutting, dividing	actiondivision	high	0
skel-mn̥-	dried body, skeleton	bodyanatomy	high	0
skend-	to leap, climb, spring	movementspatial	high	0
skend-mn̥	that which climbs, rung	ascentmeasurement	high	0
skep-	to scratch, scrape, cut	cuttingcrafting	high	0
sker-	to cut, separate	cuttingdivision	high	0
sker-₂	to bend, turn, circle	shapemovement	high	0
sker-bʰ-eyo-	to keep cutting, inscribe	writingaction	high	0
skerb-	to twist, turn sharply, swerve	movementdirection	medium	0
skerbʰ-	to scratch, cut, scrape	cuttingaction	high	0
skerbʰ-₂	to cut, to scratch marks	actioncraft	high	0
skerbʰ-mn̥	that which scratches, mark	cuttingsharpness	high	0
skewb-	to push, to shove	actionmotion	medium	0
skewH-	to cover, hide, skin	coveringbody	high	0
skewH-d-	to shoot, to project forward	actionweapon	high	0
skey-	to cut, to split	motionmaking	high	0
skey-d-	to split, divide, separate	separationcutting	high	0
skey-d-₂	to split, to cleave apart	actioncognition	high	0
skey-d-tro-	splitting tool, thing that divides	tooldivision	high	0
skey-h₂-	to cast a shadow, to shade	lightvision	high	0
skey-mn̥-	a cutting, division, shadow	divisionknowledge	high	0
skreybʰ-mn̥-	a scratching, writing	writingcommunication	high	0
skrībʰ-	to scratch marks, write	writingcommunication	high	0
sleyb-	to slip, be slippery	movementsurface	high	0
sleyd-	to slide, glide along a surface	movementsurface	high	0
smeh₂-	to smear, to apply a substance	actioncraft	medium	0
smeh₂-dʰ-	to rub smooth, smear	texturesurface	high	0
smeld-	to melt, smooth, soft	qualities	medium	0
smeyH-	to laugh, to smile	emotionbody	high	0
sneh₂-	to swim, flow, bathe	watermovement	medium	0
sneh₁-tl-	instrument for spinning, thread	crafttextile	medium	0
snew-	to flow, swim, drip	watermovement	medium	0
sneyǵʰ-	to precipitate snow	weather	high	0
sneyǵʰ-mn̥-	snowfall, act of snowing	weatherprecipitation	high	0
snéygʷʰ-	snow, frozen precipitation	natureweather	high	13
snusós	daughter-in-law	kinship	high	0
sodh₂-	companion, follower	socialrelationship	high	0
sóh₂wl̥	sun, solar body	naturecelestial	high	28
solh₂-	whole, complete, sound	emotioncompleteness	high	0
solh₂-eyo-	to make whole, save, heal	healthprotection	high	0
solh₂-mn̥-	wholeness, completeness, health	completenesshealth	high	0
speh₁-	to succeed, to prosper	socialmotion	high	0
speh₁-d-	to succeed, to prosper, to have space	motionmeasurement	high	0
speh₁-ḱ-	to look, observe carefully	visionobservation	high	0
speh₁-ḱ-mn̥	that which is observed, sight	visionobservation	high	0
speh₁-ḱ-mn̥-₂	act of looking, observation	visioncognition	high	0
speh₁-ḱ-yo-	to look at carefully, observe	perceptionvision	high	0
speh₁-r-	to stretch outward, to scatter widely	actionmotion	high	0
speh₂-r-	to draw, stretch, hope	emotionextension	high	0
spek-	to observe carefully, to look at	visioncognition	high	0
speḱ-	to look, to observe	sensesmental	high	0
speḱ-eyo-	to keep looking, observing	perceptionvision	high	0
speḱ-mn̥-	a looking, appearance, vision	perceptionappearance	high	0
spend-	to pour a libation, to make a treaty	ritualsocialaction	high	17
spend-₂	to pour a libation, to promise solemnly	religionexchange	high	0
spend-eyo-	to keep weighing out, expending	exchangeaction	high	0
spendʰ-	to pour a libation, pledge solemnly	emotionritualsocial	high	0
spendʰ-eyo-	to keep pledging, promising	communicationobligation	high	0
spendʰ-mn̥-	a pledging, solemn promise	socialritual	high	0
spew-d-	to hasten with eagerness, strive	emotioneffort	high	0
speyH-	to blow, to breathe spirit	religionritualbody	high	0
speyH-mn̥-	breath, exhalation, spirit	breathspirit	high	0
speyH-r-	to breathe, blow spirally	airlifebreath	high	0
sprenǵʰ-	to spring up, to burst forth	waterliquidmotion	medium	0
spyew-	to spit, to vomit	body	high	0
srew-	to flow, to stream	waterliquidnature	high	0
srew-es-	a flow, a running stream	watermedicine	high	0
srew-mn̥	a flowing, a stream course	watermedicine	high	0
srew-mn̥-	a flow, stream, current	watermovement	high	0
srew-p-	to flow, stream, drip	watermovement	high	0
stag-	to sway, totter, stagger	movementinstability	medium	0
steh₂-	to stand, to be upright	actionpositionstate	high	40
steh₂-bʰ-	post, pillar, to prop up	structures	medium	0
steh₂-bʰ-₂	to prop up, to support	constructionsociety	high	0
steh₂-bʰl-	standing place for animals, stall	domesticanimal	high	0
steh₂-d-	to place firmly, to make stand	positiondwelling	high	0
steh₂-l-	to put, place (extended with -l)	placementstasis	high	0
steh₂-l-mn̥-	a standing-place, post	positionstructure	high	0
steh₂-men-	fixed thread, upright loom-thread	craftmaterial	high	0
steh₂-mn̥	that which stands, pillar	structurestability	high	0
steh₂-mn̥-₂	standing upright, post	structurestrength	high	0
steh₂-mn̥-₃	something standing, an upright	bodyposition	high	0
steh₂-n-	hard standing substance, rock	landscapematerial	high	0
steh₂-r-	standing, fixed, stiff	stasisrigidity	high	0
steh₂-sko-	to begin to stand, come to a stop	positionstate	medium	0
steh₂-tis	a standing, position	stasisposition	high	0
steh₂-tis-₂	a standing, a condition of being	societyposition	high	0
steh₂-tó-	stood, standing, placed	stasispositionlaw	high	0
steh₂-tú-	standing, state, condition	positiongovernance	high	0
stel-	to put, stand, place upright	placementsending	high	0
stel-eyo-	to keep sending, dispatching	movementcommunication	high	0
stel-mn̥-	a sending, dispatched message	communicationmission	high	0
stel-n-	placed, remaining in position, still	timepersistenceposition	high	0
stelh₂-	to put, to place, to set up	actionpositionstructure	high	0
steno-	narrow, constricted	qualities	medium	0
ster-neh₂-	to spread flat, lay out	surfaceaction	high	0
sterbʰ-	to be stiff, to die	bodydeath	high	0
sterbʰ-₂	to become rigid, die, stiffen	deathrigidity	high	0
sterbʰ-mn̥	the stiffening, death	deathbody	medium	0
sterbʰ-mn̥-	stiffening, dying, death-state	deathrigidity	high	0
sterbʰ-mn̥-₂	rigidity, death stiffness	deathbody	medium	0
sterh₃-	to spread, strew, lay flat	extensionspatial	high	0
sterh₃-mn̥-	a scattering, strewing	actionsurface	medium	0
sterH-mn̥-	a spreading, flat expanse	surfaceextent	high	0
sterh₃-n-	something spread out, a covering	actionconstruction	high	0
stew-	to push upward, to steam	waterliquidfire	medium	0
stew-r-	a post, a pillar standing firm	constructionmotion	high	0
stey-	to be stiff, compressed, stone	materialrigidity	high	0
stey-bʰ-	stiff, rigid, firm	texturequality	high	0
stey-mn̥-	a pricking, stimulus, mark	perceptionmarking	high	0
steybʰ-	to be stiff, to stand firm like a post	bodyposition	high	0
steyg-	to stride, to climb	motion	high	0
steyg-mn̥	a mark, a pricking	actioncommunication	high	0
steygʰ-	to stride, march, ascend	movementascent	high	0
steyǵʰ-mn̥-	stepped path, ascending way	movementpath	high	0
stork-	stork, stiff-walker	animalsnature	medium	0
strebʰ-	to turn, to twist tightly	actioncraft	medium	0
streH-	to stretch, extend	extensionspatial	high	0
streH-mn̥	that which is spread, layer	materialextension	high	0
streH-tó-	spread out, stretched, layered	surfacearrangement	high	0
strew-	to spread, strew, scatter	actionbuilding	high	0
strew-eyo-	to keep spreading, laying out	actionsurface	high	0
strew-ḱ-	to build by layering, construct	constructioncreation	high	0
streygʰ-	to stroke, rub, press	actioncontact	high	0
stumb-	to stumble, trip, collide with	movementimpact	medium	0
suh₂-	pig, swine	animalsagriculture	high	0
swebʰ-	to sleep, be unconscious	restconsciousness	high	0
sweh₂d-	sweet, pleasant	qualitiesfood	high	0
sweh₂d-₂	to be sweet, pleasant	tastepleasure	high	0
sweh₂d-eyo-	to make one-s own, accustom	socialhabit	high	0
sweh₂d-mn̥-	sweetness, pleasant taste	tastequality	high	0
sweid-	to shine, bright, white	colorappearance	medium	0
swéḱs	six, the number six	numbers	high	0
swéḱuros	father-in-law	kinship	high	0
swelH-	to swell, to become distended	bodymedicine	high	0
swem-	to swim, to be in motion	motionwater	high	0
swep-no-	sleep, state of rest	domesticreststate	high	0
swépnos	sleep, dream	bodystatecognition	high	18
swer-	to swear, to speak solemnly	religionritualcommunication	high	0
swer-₂	to buzz, to hum, to swarm	soundanimal	medium	0
swerd-	to cut, sword	toolsweapons	medium	0
sweyp-	to sweep, to swing in an arc	actionmotion	high	0
sweys-	to hiss, to whistle through air	sound	medium	0

T67 roots

táwros	bull, aurochs	animalsagriculture	high
teg-	to cover, roof, thatch	structurescontainers	high
tegʷ-	thick, fat	qualities	medium
teh₁g-	to touch, feel, handle	contactsensation	high
teh₂g-	to touch, handle, arrange	contactcommercejudgment	high
teh₂g-es-	a touching, an arrangement	actioncognition	high
teh₁g-mn̥	that which touches, contact	contactdisease	high
teh₂g-mn̥	something touched, a mark	actionsensation	high
teh₁g-mn̥-₂	a covering, roof	constructiondwelling	high
teh₂g-mn̥-	a touching, point of contact	perceptioncontact	high
teh₁ḱ-	to beget, give birth	birthcreationcrafting	high
teh₂ḱ-	to be silent, to say nothing	communication	high
teh₁ḱ-mn̥	that which is built, structure	buildingcrafting	high
teh₁ḱ-mn̥-₂	a joining, fitted structure	constructionskill	high
teh₂l-	to bear, carry, endure	endurancebearing	high
teh₂l-eh₂	flat raised surface, board	domesticfurniture	high
teh₂l-mn̥	that which endures, weight	weightendurance	high
teh₂w-	to cut, divide, assess	cuttingcommerceclassification	high
teh₂w-mn̥	a cutting, felling	actioncognition	high
tek-mn̥	something built, a structure	craftconstruction	high
teḱ-s-leh₂	woven fabric, craft product	domesticcraft	high
teks-	to fashion, to weave	makingtextile	high
teks-neh₂	skill in weaving, craftsmanship	craftskill	high
teks-tro-	woven thing, interlaced material	craftmaterial	high
telh₂-	to lift, to bear, to weigh	measurementaction	high
temh₁-	to cut, to sever	making	high
temh₁-es-	period of heat/dark, time segment	timemeasurement	high
temh₁-mn̥	a cutting, a sacred precinct	religionconstruction	high
temh₁-s-	darkness, the dark time	lighttime	medium
ten-	to stretch, to pull	makingmotion	high
ten-dʰ-	to stretch toward, extend	forceextension	high
ten-eyo-	to keep holding, maintaining	possessionpersistence	high
ten-mn̥	something stretched, a thin surface	materialmeasurement	high
ten-ro-	stretched thin, delicate, tender	texturequality	high
ténh₂u-	thin, stretched, tender	qualities	high
tenkʷ-	to become thick, dense, firm	texturedensity	medium
tep-	to be warm, to make lukewarm	temperature	medium
terh₁-	to cross, to overcome	motionmental	high
terh₂-	to cross over, to pass through	positionrelationmotion	high
terh₂-eyo-	to keep boring through	actionwear	high
terh₁-mn̥-	a boundary, limit, end-point	boundarylimit	high
terh₂-mn̥-	a wearing through, grinding	actionwear	high
terh₂-s-	to be dry, to parch	bodylandscape	high
terh₁-s-mn̥-	dry land, earth, territory	landscapeearth	high
terh₁-sko-	to cross over a threshold	domesticboundary	medium
terkʷ-	to twist, turn, wind	rotationaction	high
terkʷ-₂	to twist, to turn repeatedly	actiontool	high
terkʷ-mn̥	that which twists, torch	twistingpainfire	high
terp-	to satisfy, to enjoy	mentalemotion	medium
terp-₂	to delight, satisfy	emotionpleasure	medium
terp-₃	to be satiated, to enjoy fully	societyemotion	medium
terp-eyo-	to satisfy, delight, turn toward	statesensation	high
ters-	to be dry, thirst	earthphysical_state	high
tewg-	to be strong, firm, tough	texturestrength	medium
tewH-	to swell, be strong, crowd	swellingbodyquantity	high
tewk-eyo-	to keep touching, testing	perceptioncontact	medium
tewt-	tribe, people, community	societykinship	high
to-	that, there (distal deictic)	positionrelation	high
tong-	to think, to feel	emotioncognition	high
tregʰ-	to drag, pull, draw along	movementforce	high
treh₂w-	to trust, to be faithful	lawsociety	high
trem-	to tremble, quake with fear	emotionfearmovement	high
trem-mn̥-	a trembling, quaking	movementemotion	high
trep-	to turn, change	changemovement	high
trewd-	to press, to push, to thrust	motionmaking	high
trewd-mn̥	that which pushes, thrust	forceaction	high
tréyes	three, the number three	numbers	high

U3 roots

ud-	up, out, upward	positionrelation	high
uper	over, above, beyond	directionspatial	high
upo	under, up from below, over	positionrelation	high

W98 roots

webʰ-	to weave, to braid	makingtextile	high	0
webʰ-₂	to weave, to move back and forth on a loom	crafttextile	high	0
webʰ-mn̥	that which is woven, fabric	textilecrafting	high	0
webʰ-mn̥-₂	woven thing, fabric	craftmaterial	high	0
wed-	to wet, to be moist	waterliquid	high	0
wedʰ-	to lead, to wed, to pledge	kinshipsocial	high	0
weg-	to be lively, vigorous	vitalityalertness	high	0
wegʰ-	to pledge, to vow solemnly	religionritualcommunication	medium	0
wegʰ-₂	to carry, convey, move on wheels	transportmovement	high	0
weǵʰ-	to carry in a vehicle, to transport	transportmotion	high	0
wegʰ-eyo-	to keep carrying, conveying	movementtransport	high	0
weh₁-d-	to pledge, to guarantee	lawexchange	high	0
weH-d-	to wash, to wet	waterliquidbody	high	0
weh₁-dʰ-	to pledge, redeem	lawsocialbinding	high	0
weh₂-gʰ-	to move on water, to sail	watermotion	medium	0
weh₁-r-	to speak truly, to declare as fact	communicationlaw	high	0
weh₁-ro-₂	true, trustworthy, real	truthquality	high	0
weh₁-t-	to blow, inspire	weatherair	high	0
weh₂-tó-	blown, windy	weatherair	high	0
weh₂gʰ-	to move in waves, to waver	waterliquidmotion	medium	0
weh₂k-	weak, to bend, to yield	qualities	medium	0
weh₂k-eyo-	to keep calling, summoning	communicationsocial	high	0
weh₁ro-	true, trustworthy	qualitiessocial	high	0
weḱ-	to speak, to voice	socialmental	high	0
wekʷ-₂	to speak, tell, voice	speechcommunication	high	0
wekʷ-es-	utterance, spoken word	communicationlanguage	high	0
wékʷ-es-pero-	evening, western	timenature	medium	0
wekʷ-mn̥	a word, something spoken	communication	high	0
wekʷ-mn̥-	spoken thing, a word	languagecommunication	high	0
wekʷ-s-	a voice, an utterance	communication	high	0
wekʷ-tl-	means of speaking, a calling tool	communication	high	0
wel-	to turn, to wind, to enclose	structurescontainers	medium	0
welh₁-	to wish, to will, to want	emotioncognition	high	0
welh₁-mn̥	choice, act of willing	cognitionlaw	high	0
welh₁-mn̥-	a choosing, will, volition	cognitiondesire	high	0
welh₁-n-	an injury, a wound	bodymedicine	high	0
wen-	to desire, to strive for, to love	emotioncognition	high	0
wendʰ-	to turn, wander, wind along	movementpath	high	0
wer-s-	high point, summit, height	landscape	medium	0
werdʰ-	to speak, to say formally	communicationlaw	high	0
werdʰ-o-	a word, formal utterance	languagecommunication	high	0
werdʰ-o-₂	rose, thorn-plant	plantnature	medium	0
werdʰh₁-	to speak, word	communicationlanguage	high	0
werg-	to work, to do	makingsocial	high	0
werǵ-	to squeeze, to press	makingmotion	high	0
werg-eyo-	to keep working, be active	actionlabor	high	0
werǵ-mn̥	something worked, an act	actioncraft	high	0
werg-mn̥-	a work, made thing	craftproduct	high	0
werh₁-	to speak, to say	mentalsocial	high	0
werh₂-	wide, broad	qualities	medium	0
werh₃-	to speak solemnly, to say	communicationlanguage	medium	0
werh₃-₂	to speak, say	speechcommunication	high	0
werh₃-dʰ-	root, that which grows upward	plantagriculture	high	0
werH-mn̥	that which turns, verse	rotationspeechbody	high	0
werh₁-mn̥-	a covering, protective barrier	protectiondefense	high	0
werh₃-mn̥-	a covering, ward, protection	protectionsocial	high	0
werh₃-s-	to rain, to drip moisture	waterweather	medium	0
werH-s-	to confuse, mix up	confusionchange	high	0
werH-t-	to turn, rotate, wind	movementrotation	high	0
werHd-	to speak, say formally	speechlanguage	high	0
werḱ-	to work, to do, to make	toolscraftlabor	high	0
werḱ-₂	to work, toil, be active	laboraction	high	0
werḱ-mn̥-	wringing, pain, punishment	actionsuffering	high	0
wert-	to turn, to wind	motion	high	0
wert-₂	to turn, to become, to change into	motioncognition	high	0
wert-es-	a turning, change of direction	bodymotion	high	0
wert-eyo-	to keep turning, revolve	movementrotation	high	0
wert-mn̥	that which turns, joint	bodyrotation	high	0
wert-mn̥-	a turning, direction, verse	directionlanguage	high	0
wert-tó-	turned toward, facing	directionopposition	high	0
wes-	to clothe, to put on garments	bodytextile	high	0
wes-no-	a purchase price, value in exchange	exchangesociety	high	0
wesp-	evening, west	timedirection	high	0
wésr̥	spring (season)	timenature	high	0
weyd-	to see, to know	perceptioncognition	high	35
weyd-eyo-	to keep seeing, oversee	perceptionvision	high	0
weyd-mn̥-	form, appearance, seen thing	perceptionform	high	0
weyd-tó-	known, seen clearly	cognitionknowledge	high	0
weyh₁-sko-	to begin to separate, wither	decayseparation	medium	0
weyh₁-tó-	pursued, hunted	lifevitality	high	0
weyk-	to bend, to wind	makingmotion	high	0
weyḱ-	house, settlement	dwellingsocial	high	0
weyḱ-₂	settlement, clan dwelling	societydwelling	high	0
weyḱ-eyo-	to keep conquering, prevailing	powerconflict	high	0
weyḱ-mn̥	a household, settlement unit	societydwelling	high	0
weyḱ-mn̥-	conquered, victory achieved	conflictresult	high	0
weyḱ-tó-	conquered, defeated	conflictsocial	high	0
weyḱ-tó-₂	conquered, yielded	conflictdefeat	high	0
weyp-	to tremble, vibrate, wind	movementaction	high	0
weyp-eyo-	to keep trembling, vibrating	movementvibration	high	0
weyp-mn̥	act of trembling, vibration	motionanimal	medium	0
wl(o)p-	fox, cunning canid	animalsnature	medium	0
wĺ̥kʷos	wolf, predatory canid	animalnature	high	23
wódr̥	water, flowing liquid	natureelement	high	25
wógh-no-	wall, fence	structures	medium	0
wreg-	to track, to pursue	motionsocial	medium	0
wreyḱ-	to push, to drive out	action	high	0
wŕ̥mis	worm, serpent	animalsnature	high	0

Y8 roots

yeh₂-	to seek eagerly, to be zealous	emotion	medium
yeh₁-r-	year, annual cycle, season	timecycle	high
yēr-	year, season	timenature	high
yew-	to rejoice, to feel joy	emotioncognition	medium
yewg-	to join, to yoke together	actionagriculture	high
yewH-es-	law, sacred bond, oath	lawoath	high
yewk-	to itch, to scratch an irritation	bodymedicine	medium
yugóm	yoke, to join	toolsagriculture	high

Other6 roots

(H)meyǵʰ-	to urinate, to mist	weatherbody	medium
(s)kel-	to cover, to conceal, to shelter	clothdressdwelling	high
(s)neh₁-	to spin thread, to wind	clothdress	high
(s)teh₂n-	to thunder	natureweathersound	high
(s)tenh₂-	to crash, to thunder	weathersound	high
(s)tew-	to push, to strike	makingmotion	high