PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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B1 root

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
bʰerǵʰ-tó-	raised up, elevated, proud	emotionelevation	medium	0

D10 roots

dew-s-	to lack, miss, be distant	absenceemotion	medium
dʰer-s-	to dare, be bold	courageemotion	high
dʰer-s-mn̥	boldness, daring act	emotionaction	medium
dʰerh₂-s-	to be bold, to dare	emotionaction	high
dʰers-	to be bold, dare	emotioncourage	high
dʰers-eyo-	to keep daring, being bold	emotioncourage	high
dʰrew-	to be firm, to be solid	materialemotion	high
dʰrewgʰ-	to deceive, to dream	emotioncognition	high
dʰrewH-	to hold firm, to trust	emotioncognition	medium
dwey-	to fear, to be in doubt	emotioncognition	medium

G33 roots

gerh₂-₂	to cry, call out	speechsoundemotion	high
gʰaw-es-	to gape at, marvel	emotionperception	medium
gʰeh₂-d-	to be glad, rejoice	emotionjoy	high
gʰel-n-	gall, bile, bitter	bodytasteemotion	high
gʰer-	to desire, to yearn	mentalemotion	high
gʰer-₂	to like, want, desire	desireemotion	high
gʰer-d-	to yearn, desire strongly	desireemotion	high
gʰer-eyo-	to keep desiring, craving	emotiondesire	high
gʰer-s-eyo-	to keep bristling, being rough	textureemotion	medium
gʰers-	to bristle, be rough, stubble	textureemotion	high
gʰers-mn̥-	a bristling, horror	emotionreaction	high
gʰewd-eyo-	to pour out joy, be glad	emotionjoy	high
gʰewd-yo-	rejoicing, delight	emotionpleasure	high
gʰeys-	to be in fear, to be struck with terror	emotion	medium
ǵʰeysd-₂	to be angry, aggressive	emotionspirit	medium
gʰeysd-mn̥-	fury, violent passion	emotionspirit	high
gʰrem-	to be angry, thunder, roar	emotionsoundweather	high
gʰreyH-	to be heavy with sorrow, to grieve	emotioncognition	medium
ǵneh₃w-	to recognize, to know (extended)	emotioncognition	medium
gʷeh₃-d-	to rejoice, to be glad	emotion	medium
gʷelh₁-	to pierce, to feel guilt/pain	emotioncognition	medium
gʷelh₁-mn̥	pain, torment, wounding	bodyemotion	medium
gʷelH-mn̥	that which strikes, pain	painemotion	medium
gʷelh₁-s-	to cause pain, to wound	bodyemotion	medium
gʷerh₂-₃	to welcome, to show favor	societyemotion	high
gʷerH-	to favor, praise, bless	socialreligionemotion	high
gʷerh₃-eyo-	to keep weighing, considering	weightemotion	high
gʷerH-eyo-	to keep praising, showing favor	emotionsocial	high
gʷerh₃-mn̥-	heaviness, weight, burden	weightemotion	high
gʷerH-mn̥-	praise, favor, thanks	emotionsocial	high
gʷerH-tó-	favored, pleasing	emotionsocial	high
gʷerH-tó-₃	praised, favored, thankful	emotionsocial	high
gʷʰer-s-	to bristle, be rough	emotiontexture	high

H20 roots

h₂eḱru-	tear, weeping	bodyemotion	high
h₂enǵʰ-₂	to be narrow, to constrict	emotionbody	high
h₂engʰ-es-	tightness, distress, narrowness	emotiondistress	high
h₂engʷʰ-	to constrict, feel narrow, anxious	emotionconstriction	high
h₂engʷʰ-es-	narrowness, tightness, distress	emotionphysical	high
h₂engʷʰ-eyo-	to keep constricting, tightening	forceemotion	high
h₂enh₂-	to breathe angrily, to rage	emotioncognition	medium
h₂enh₂-₂	to breathe, spirit (nominal)	breathspiritemotion	high
h₁ewd-	to be eager, burning for	emotionactivity	medium
h₂ey-	to burn with envy, to desire another's lot	emotioncognition	low
h₂ey-d-eyo-	to keep burning, feel passionate	emotionintensity	high
h₂ey-ǵ-	to be in awe, to revere	emotionreligion	medium
h₂ey-s-	to be in reverent fear, to worship	religionemotion	medium
h₂eyd-es-	inner heat, envy, zeal	emotiondesire	medium
h₂eyd-mn̥-	a burning, conflagration	fireemotion	high
h₂eyd-os-	burning shame, respect	emotionshame	medium
h₂eyd-s-	to be in awe, revere	emotionperceptionsacred	medium
h₂eys-	to be in awe, to revere, to be fiery	qualityemotionsacred	high
h₁wep-	to call out, to weep	emotionsenses	medium
h₂weyh₁-	to desire, to pursue	emotioncognition	medium

K16 roots

ḱam-	toil, be weary, suffer	emotionsuffering	medium	0
ḱeh₁-	to desire, to hope	emotioncognition	low	0
ḱeh₂d-	to hate, to feel sorrow	emotioncognition	medium	0
keh₂ro-	beloved, dear one	emotionsociety	high	0
ḱem-	to cover (with shame), to feel shame	emotioncognition	low	0
ḱemH-	to toil, to be weary	emotion	medium	0
ḱerd-	heart, core, center	bodyemotion	high	29
ḱerd-₂	middle, center	bodycenteremotion	high	0
ḱerd-eyo-	to take to heart, believe firmly	emotionbelief	high	0
ḱerd-mn̥	of the heart, heartfelt	bodyemotion	high	0
ḱerd-mn̥-₂	heartfelt feeling, mercy	emotionsociety	medium	0
ḱerd-yo-₂	connected to the heart, courageous	emotionbody	high	0
ḱerd-yo-₃	of the heart, heartfelt belief	emotionbody	high	0
kewp-	to seethe, boil with anger or desire	emotiondesire	high	0
ḱred-	heart, core belief	beliefemotion	high	0
kʷey-mn̥	a resting, quietude	positionemotion	high	0

L5 roots

lewbʰ-	to love, to care for, to desire	emotioncognition	high
lewbʰ-₂	to desire, to love intensely	emotion	high
lewbʰ-eyo-	to keep loving, desiring	emotiondesire	high
lewbʰ-mn̥-	love, desire, pleasure	emotiondesire	high
lewd-ero-	free, unrestrained, playful	emotionplay	high

M4 roots

meldʰ-	to wonder, to be astonished	emotioncognition	low
men-	to think, to have in mind	emotioncognition	high
mew-	to mourn, to be sad	emotioncognition	medium
mey-tó-	exchanged, softened, gentle	emotiongentleness	medium

P7 roots

peh₂w-	to strike with fear, to terrify	emotioncognition	medium
peth₁-neh₂	pain, suffering, endurance	emotionsuffering	high
peyt-yo-	to suffer, feel compassion for	emotioncompassion	high
pleh₂-k-	to strike flat, to slap	actionemotion	high
pleh₂-ḱ-	to please, be agreeable	emotionsocial	high
preyH-	to love, be pleased	emotionsocial	high
preyH-mn̥-	love, affection, freedom	emotionsocial	high

S5 roots

smeyH-	to laugh, to smile	emotionbody	high
solh₂-	whole, complete, sound	emotioncompleteness	high
speh₂-r-	to draw, stretch, hope	emotionextension	high
spendʰ-	to pour a libation, pledge solemnly	emotionritualsocial	high
spew-d-	to hasten with eagerness, strive	emotioneffort	high

T6 roots

terp-	to satisfy, to enjoy	mentalemotion	medium
terp-₂	to delight, satisfy	emotionpleasure	medium
terp-₃	to be satiated, to enjoy fully	societyemotion	medium
tong-	to think, to feel	emotioncognition	high
trem-	to tremble, quake with fear	emotionfearmovement	high
trem-mn̥-	a trembling, quaking	movementemotion	high

W2 roots

welh₁-	to wish, to will, to want	emotioncognition	high	0
wen-	to desire, to strive for, to love	emotioncognition	high	0

Y2 roots

yeh₂-	to seek eagerly, to be zealous	emotion	medium	0
yew-	to rejoice, to feel joy	emotioncognition	medium	0