PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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B1 root

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
bʰewd-mn̥-	bottom, ground beneath water	positiondepth	high	0

D2 roots

dʰe-	to set down	positionrelation	high	0
dhewb-	deep, hollow	natureposition	high	0

H12 roots

h₂ed	to, near, at (proximity)	positionrelation	high
h₁eǵʰs	out of, from within	positionrelation	high
h₂embʰi	around, on both sides	positionrelation	high
h₁en	in, into, within	positionrelation	high
h₂ent-	front, forehead, against	positionrelation	high
h₂ent-h₃eḱ-	eye-facing, before the eyes	timeposition	high
h₂ent-mn̥-₂	something that faces, the front	positiontime	high
h₁enter	between, among, within	positionrelation	high
h₂ep-	away from, off, above	positionrelation	high
h₂epi	at, near, before	positionrelation	high
h₁epi-steh₂-	to stand upon, understand	cognitionposition	high
h₂epo	off, away, behind	positionrelation	high

K6 roots

ḱe-	this, here (proximal deictic)	positionrelation	high
ḱley-	to lean, to incline	motionposition	high
ḱley-ent-	leaning, one who leans toward	socialposition	high
ḱley-eyo-	to keep leaning, inclining	positiondirection	high
ḱom	beside, with, together	positionrelation	high
kʷey-mn̥	a resting, quietude	positionemotion	high

L3 roots

legh-	to lie down, to lay oneself flat	bodyposition	high
legʰ-	to lie down, recline	restposition	high
leyp-eyo-	to keep sticking, adhere	positionadhesion	medium

M2 roots

med-mn̥-	a measure, middle, means	measurementposition	high	0
meh₂-n-eyo-	to keep remaining, staying	positionpersistence	high	0

N2 roots

n̥dʰer-	under, below	positionrelation	high	0
n̥dʰo	in, within, inside	positionrelation	high	0

P2 roots

pend-eyo-	to keep weighing, hanging	weightposition	high	0
per-	forward, through, far	positionrelationmotion	high	0

R1 root

rem-

to be still, to rest quietly

dwellingposition

medium

S19 roots

sed-	to sit, to be seated	positionsocial	high	0
sed-eyo-	to keep sitting, remain settled	positionrest	high	0
sed-mn̥	act of sitting, a session	positionlaw	high	0
sed-mn̥-	a seat, settled place	positionplace	high	0
seh₁-d-eyo-	to keep sitting, settling	positionstate	high	0
seh₁-d-mn̥	act of settling, a fixed place	positiondwelling	high	0
seh₁-tl-₂	a settled place, established dwelling	dwellingposition	high	0
steh₂-	to stand, to be upright	actionpositionstate	high	40
steh₂-d-	to place firmly, to make stand	positiondwelling	high	0
steh₂-l-mn̥-	a standing-place, post	positionstructure	high	0
steh₂-mn̥-₃	something standing, an upright	bodyposition	high	0
steh₂-sko-	to begin to stand, come to a stop	positionstate	medium	0
steh₂-tis	a standing, position	stasisposition	high	0
steh₂-tis-₂	a standing, a condition of being	societyposition	high	0
steh₂-tó-	stood, standing, placed	stasispositionlaw	high	0
steh₂-tú-	standing, state, condition	positiongovernance	high	0
stel-n-	placed, remaining in position, still	timepersistenceposition	high	0
stelh₂-	to put, to place, to set up	actionpositionstructure	high	0
steybʰ-	to be stiff, to stand firm like a post	bodyposition	high	0

T2 roots

terh₂-	to cross over, to pass through	positionrelationmotion	high	0
to-	that, there (distal deictic)	positionrelation	high	0

U2 roots

ud-	up, out, upward	positionrelation	high	0
upo	under, up from below, over	positionrelation	high	0