PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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B2 roots

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
bʰréh₂tēr	brother, male sibling	kinshipfamily	high	27
bʰréh₂tēr-yo-	of a brother, brotherly	kinshipsocial	high	0

D3 roots

deh₂iwḗr	husband's brother, brother-in-law	kinship	high	0
dʰeh₁-l-	to suckle, nurse	nurturekinshipbody	high	0
dʰugh₂tḗr	daughter, female offspring	kinshipfamily	high	18

G14 roots

ǵenh₁-	to beget, to produce, to be born	creationkinshiplife	high	46
ǵenH-	to beget, be born, clan	birthkinshipsocial	high	0
ǵenh₁-es-	race, stock, family line	kinshipsociety	high	0
ǵenh₁-mn̥	birth, offspring, race	birthkinshipbiology	high	0
ǵenh₁-os	clan, race, kind	kinshipsocial	high	0
ǵenh₁-s-	race, stock, clan	kinshipsocialbiology	high	0
ǵenh₁-ter-	begetter, parent	kinshipbirth	high	0
ǵenh₁-tl-	birth-group, clan, noble family	socialkinship	high	0
ǵenH-tl-	means of producing, birth instrument	lifekinship	high	0
ǵenh₁-tó-	born, begotten	birthkinshiporigin	high	0
gʷenh₂-es-	womanly, female nature	kinship	medium	0
gʷenh₂-ikos	relating to women, female	kinshipmedicine	medium	0
gʷenh₂-mn̥	woman, female person	kinshipsociety	high	0
gʷenh₂-mn̥-	a woman, female person	kinshipsocial	high	0

H6 roots

h₃erbʰ-es-	an orphan, one bereft of heritage	kinshipsociety	high
h₃erbʰ-mn̥	something inherited, patrimony	kinshiplaw	high
h₃erbʰ-mn̥-	inheritance, passed-down wealth	kinshipwealth	high
h₃órbʰos	orphan, bereft	kinshipsocial	high
h₁widʰéwh₂	widow, separated one	kinshipsocial	high
h₂yuh₁en-	young, youthful	kinshipqualities	high

M3 roots

meh₂-tér-	mother (kinship term)	kinshipfamily	high	0
meh₂-tér-₂	mother, origin, source	kinshiporigin	high	0
méh₂tēr	mother, female parent	kinshipfamily	high	29

N1 root

népōts

nephew, grandson

kinship

high

P4 roots

peh₂-tér-	one who protects, father	kinshipauthority	high	0
peth₂-r̥	father (nominal)	kinshipauthority	high	0
peth₂-wr̥	the one who falls upon, father figure as protector	kinship	high	0
ph₂tḗr	father, male parent	kinshipfamily	high	27

S2 roots

snusós	daughter-in-law	kinship	high	0
swéḱuros	father-in-law	kinship	high	0

T1 root

tewt-

tribe, people, community

societykinship

high

W1 root

wedʰ-

to lead, to wed, to pledge

kinshipsocial

high