PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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B1 root

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
bʰerǵ-eyo-	to keep brightening, shining	lightquality	high	0

D4 roots

deru-	tree, wood, to be firm	naturequalitymaterial	high	23
dʰeh₁-ḱ-ul-	easy to make, manageable	qualityability	high	0
dʰeh₁-rm-	that which is heated, warm	temperaturequality	high	0
dʰerǵʰ-mn̥-	firmness, hardness, endurance	qualitypersistence	high	0

G3 roots

gʰeHd-	to unite, join, be fitting	qualityunion	high
gʷerh₃-tú-	heaviness, weight, dignity	weightquality	high
gʷeyh₃-wó-	alive, living, vital	lifequality	high

H14 roots

h₂éḱ-	sharp, pointed	qualitytool	high	26
h₂eḱ-eyo-	to keep sharpening, making keen	qualityperception	high	0
h₂eḱ-mn̥-₃	sharp edge, keenness of mind	qualitycognition	high	0
h₂eḱ-r-is-	sharp point, keen edge	texturequality	high	0
h₂eḱ-wo-	having a sharp point, keen	qualitysharpness	high	0
h₁en-tero-	inner, interior	spatialquality	high	0
h₂ep-mn̥-	a fitting, adaptation	qualityadjustment	high	0
h₂ep-tó-	fitted, apt, suited	qualityfitness	high	0
h₂eyd-ero-	upper air, bright sky	skyquality	high	0
h₂eys-	to be in awe, to revere, to be fiery	qualityemotionsacred	high	0
h₁reudʰ-	red, ruddy, reddish	colourquality	high	20
h₁su-	good, well, soon	timequality	medium	0
h₂weh₁-tó-₂	blown, airy, vain	qualityemptiness	high	0
h₂welh₁-ú-	worth, value, strength	valuequality	high	0

K1 root

keh₃l-mn̥-

beauty, glory, radiance

beautyquality

high

L1 root

lewk-es-

brightness, light quality

lightquality

high

M1 root

meǵ-

great, large

qualitysizesocial

high

N1 root

néwos

new, fresh, young

qualitytime

high

P1 root

peh₂w-ro-

small, little, few

quantityquality

high

S3 roots

sem-pleh₁-	one-fold, not complex	quantityquality	high
stey-bʰ-	stiff, rigid, firm	texturequality	high
sweh₂d-mn̥-	sweetness, pleasant taste	tastequality	high

T1 root

ten-ro-

stretched thin, delicate, tender

texturequality

high

W1 root

weh₁-ro-₂

true, trustworthy, real

truthquality

high