PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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B1 root

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
bʰew-tó-	that which has grown, become	existencetime	high	0

D8 roots

deh₂-	to divide, share	divisiontime	high
deh₂-mn̥-₂	a portion of time, division	time	high
dʰegʷʰ-	to burn, be warm	fireheattime	high
dʰeh₁-tú-	established time, appointed date	timeestablishment	high
dʰerǵʰ-eyo-	to keep holding firm, enduring	timepersistence	high
dʰǵʰyes-	yesterday, the previous day	time	high
dyu-es-	daylight, bright day	timecelestialreligion	high
dyu-n-	day, daytime period	timecycle	high

G7 roots

gerh₂-	to grow old, to mature	bodytime	high
ǵerh₂-mn̥	old age, the aging process	bodytime	high
ǵerH-mn̥-	old age, senescence	timeaging	high
ǵerh₂-s-	to grow old, to wither	bodytime	high
ǵerh₂-tó-	grown old, aged	timeaging	high
ǵʰéy-mn̥	winter, snow-season	timenature	high
ǵʰeymen-	winter, cold season	weatherseasontime	high

H28 roots

h₂ekʷ-mn̥	something following, a consequence	motiontime	high	0
h₂en-ew-	repeated, renewed, year-cycle	timecyclerepetition	high	0
h₂en-ti-kʷo-	from before, ancient	timeage	high	0
h₂ent-h₃eḱ-	eye-facing, before the eyes	timeposition	high	0
h₂ent-mn̥-₂	something that faces, the front	positiontime	high	0
h₁epi-gʷem-	to come upon, arrive at	timearrival	high	0
h₂ew-r-	dawn light, early morning	timelight	high	0
h₂ew-s-mn̥	the early light, dawn	lighttime	high	0
h₂ew-s-mn̥-	dawn, morning light	timecelestial	high	0
h₂ew-s-r-	dawn, the dawn goddess	timenaturereligion	high	0
h₂ews-	dawn, east	naturecelestialtime	high	16
h₂ews-r-	dawn, morning	timelightdirection	high	0
h₂ey-w-	vital force, life, eternity	timelife	high	0
h₂ey-w-mn̥-	age, lifetime, eternal period	timeduration	high	0
h₂eyd-tó-₂	returned to, again	timerepetition	medium	0
h₂eyr-	early, at the start of the day	timesequence	high	0
h₂eyw-	to live a long time, to have vital force	timelife	high	0
h₂eyw-es-	for the whole age, always	timeduration	high	0
h₂eyw-es-tro-	of long duration, eternal	timepermanence	high	0
h₂eyw-om	lifetime, age, long duration	timeduration	high	0
h₁oyn-ḱo-	one time, single instance	timequantity	high	0
h₁regʷ-	darkness, night	naturetime	medium	2
h₁su-	good, well, soon	timequality	medium	0
h₂weHs-r-	spring season, the verdant time	timeweather	high	0
h₂wes-	to shine, dawn	lighttimedirection	high	0
h₂wes-r-	spring, vernal season	seasontime	high	0
h₂yew-n-	vital force, youthful vigor	lifetime	high	0
h₂yu-gʷ-es-	youthful period, age of vigor	timeage	high	0

K4 roots

ḱeh₁-ro-	grey, old and grey-haired	colortime	medium
ḱeh₂d-mn̥	something that befalls, lot or fate	deathtime	high
krep-es-₂	evening, twilight, dusk	timedarkness	medium
kweh₁-tó-	rested, quiet, still	timestaterest	high

M5 roots

meh₁-nes-	moon, month, monthly cycle	timecelestial	high
meh₁-ns-tro-	monthly measurement, lunar cycle	timebody	high
meh₁-s-	to measure out (extended)	timemeasurement	high
méh₁n̥s	moon, month	timenature	high
men-s-	to measure (monthly), moon	timecelestialmeasurement	high

N5 roots

ne-h₁ey-	not ever, at no time	timenegation	high	0
new-	new, fresh	qualitiestime	high	0
néwos	new, fresh, young	qualitytime	high	32
nokʷt-	night, darkness, nighttime	timenature	high	22
nokʷt-s	night (extended)	time	high	0

P1 root

prey

before, in front of

timespatial

high

S13 roots

sed-elo-	sitting long, lingering, late	timedelay	medium
seh₁-d-	to sow, plant (extended)	agriculturetime	high
seh₁-ḱ-lo-	cycle, recurring age	timecycle	high
seh₁-mn̥-₃	sowing, seed time	agriculturereproductiontime	high
seh₁-mn̥-₅	the act of sowing, planting season	agriculturetime	high
seh₁-tó-	sown, planted	agriculturetime	high
sekʷ-mn̥-₂	following, that which comes after	ordertime	high
sḗm-	summer, warm season	timenature	medium
sem-el-	once, a single time	quantitytime	high
sem-per-	one time through, always, ever	timepermanence	high
senh₁-	old, aged, elder	qualitiestime	high
senh₁-eḱ-	old, aged, venerable	timeaging	high
stel-n-	placed, remaining in position, still	timepersistenceposition	high

T2 roots

temh₁-es-	period of heat/dark, time segment	timemeasurement	high	0
temh₁-s-	darkness, the dark time	lighttime	medium	0

W3 roots

wékʷ-es-pero-	evening, western	timenature	medium
wesp-	evening, west	timedirection	high
wésr̥	spring (season)	timenature	high

Y2 roots

yeh₁-r-	year, annual cycle, season	timecycle	high	0
yēr-	year, season	timenature	high	0