PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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B1 root

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
bʰeh₂-	to speak, to say, to tell	communicationlanguage	high	0

D1 root

dʰeh₁-mn̥-₅

theme, that which is placed

languagethought

high

G2 roots

gʰewH-	to call, to invoke	communicationlanguagereligion	medium	0
ǵʰews-	to shout, to cry out	communicationlanguage	medium	0

H8 roots

h₂ent-kʷe	and-also, as well as	conjunctionlanguage	medium	0
h₂ent-swer-	to answer, to swear back	communicationlanguage	medium	0
h₂eysk-	to wish, to ask	communicationlanguage	high	0
h₃eyt-	to swear an oath	communicationlanguagereligion	medium	0
h₃neh₃-mn̥-	name, title, designation	languageidentity	high	0
h₃neh₃-mn̥-₂	named one, having a name	languageidentity	high	0
h₃nómn̥	name, personal designation	languageidentity	high	32
h₁nómn̥-	to name, to call by name	communicationlanguage	high	0

K2 roots

kelh₁-	to call, to shout	communicationlanguage	high	0
kewH-	to curse, to strike with words	communicationlanguagereligion	medium	0

L1 root

legʰ-mn̥-

reasoning, speech, word-gathering

cognitionlanguage

high

N1 root

neh₁-men-

name (nominal)

identitylanguage

high

S2 roots

sekʷ-	to say, to tell, to utter	communicationlanguage	high	0
senh₂-	to sing, to compose	communicationlanguageart	high	0

W7 roots

wekʷ-es-	utterance, spoken word	communicationlanguage	high
wekʷ-mn̥-	spoken thing, a word	languagecommunication	high
werdʰ-o-	a word, formal utterance	languagecommunication	high
werdʰh₁-	to speak, word	communicationlanguage	high
werh₃-	to speak solemnly, to say	communicationlanguage	medium
werHd-	to speak, say formally	speechlanguage	high
wert-mn̥-	a turning, direction, verse	directionlanguage	high