PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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D1 root

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
dwi-plo-	twofold, doubled	quantitymultiplication	high	0

H8 roots

h₂el-is-	beyond, more, enough	quantitysufficiency	medium
h₂el-no-	all, entire, whole	quantitytotality	high
h₂el-tero-	one of two, the other	quantitydistinction	high
h₂embʰo-	both, the two together	quantityduality	high
h₂ey-kʷo-	each one, every	quantitydistribution	medium
h₂mey-	to diminish, lessen	quantityreduction	high
h₁oyn-ḱo-	one time, single instance	timequantity	high
h₁weh₂-ḱ-	empty, void, vacant	quantityabsence	high

K2 roots

kʷetwr̥-plo-	fourfold, quadrupled	quantitymultiplication	high	0
kʷo-ti-	how much, of what amount	quantitymeasurement	high	0

M2 roots

meh₂-ǵ-yo-	greater, more, to a larger degree	quantitycomparison	high	0
men-u-	small, reduced, diminished	quantitysize	high	0

N1 root

new-tero-

neither of two, neutral

quantitynegation

high

P7 roots

peh₂w-ḱo-	little, small in number	quantitysize	high
peh₂w-ro-	small, little, few	quantityquality	high
pleh₁-no-	filled up, complete	quantityfullness	high
pleh₁-tó-	filled, full	quantityfullness	high
plew-s-	more, excess of flow	quantityexcess	high
polh₁-u-	much, many, abundant	quantityabundance	high
preH-	to fill, satisfy	quantityfullness	high

S3 roots

seh₁mi-	half, one of two parts	quantitydivision	high
sem-el-	once, a single time	quantitytime	high
sem-pleh₁-	one-fold, not complex	quantityquality	high

T1 root

tewH-

to swell, be strong, crowd

swellingbodyquantity

high