snéygʷʰ-

The root *snéygʷʰ- ("snow, to snow") is well attested across the major branches, with reflexes showing regular phonological development. The initial cluster *sn- is preserved in most branches, making this a phonologically transparent reconstruction. Latin nix (genitive nivis, "snow") shows loss of the initial *s- before *n- (a regular Latin development in this position). Derivatives include nival, niveous, and the name Nevada (from Spanish, "snow-covered"). Greek nipha (νίφα, accusative of níphas, "snowflake") and the verb neíphei (νείφει, "it snows") preserve the root with the expected treatment of *gʷʰ in Greek. The initial *sn- is reduced to n-. Sanskrit snéha ("oil, grease, affection" — from the slippery quality of snow and ice, extended to oily substances and thence to the "slippery" warmth of affection) shows a notable semantic shift. The Avestan snaēža ("snow") preserves the meteorological sense. English snow (from Old English snāw, Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz) retains the initial cluster *sn- and the diphthong from the full-grade vowel. German Schnee, Dutch sneeuw, and Gothic snaiws continue the same form. Lithuanian sniẽgas and Old Church Slavonic sněgŭ (Russian sneg) show the Balto-Slavic reflexes with the preserved *sn- cluster. Old Irish snechta and Welsh nyf extend the attestation to Celtic. The reconstructability of *snéygʷʰ- bears on the question of PIE homeland location: a language community that had a common word for snow must have inhabited a region where snowfall was a regular experience. This observation is consistent with the steppe hypothesis (which places the PIE homeland in the Pontic-Caspian steppe) and inconsistent with proposals locating the homeland in tropical or subtropical regions.