Word Map
A structured overview of the Proto-Indo-European root system. Roots are organized below by semantic field, followed by the Indo-European language family tree showing how PIE branches into its daughter families. This page serves as an atlas of the reconstructed lexicon.
2,059
Published roots
1,219
Attested descendants
16
Branches
16
Languages
416
Semantic fields
Contents
abandonment(2)
ability(5)
absence(2)
abstract(1)
abundance(3)
achievement(2)
acquisition(12)
action(208)
activity(1)
adhesion(4)
adjustment(1)
age(3)
aging(3)
agriculture(71)
aid(1)
air(11)
alertness(1)
anatomy(5)
animal(33)
animals(22)
appearance(14)
approval(1)
architecture(6)
arrangement(3)
arrival(3)
art(5)
ascent(2)
attention(1)
authority(11)
awareness(1)
bearing(3)
beauty(4)
beginning(1)
belief(4)
binding(13)
biology(16)
bird(1)
birth(7)
blood(1)
body(194)
boundary(5)
breath(7)
building(2)
calculation(2)
calling(1)
care(2)
carrying(1)
causation(1)
celestial(12)
center(1)
cessation(1)
chance(1)
change(9)
chemistry(1)
choice(2)
clarity(1)
cleaning(2)
cloth(12)
clothing(3)
cognition(103)
color(48)
colour(1)
commerce(7)
communication(83)
comparison(1)
compassion(1)
completeness(2)
concealment(4)
conflict(12)
confusion(3)
conjunction(1)
connection(4)
constriction(1)
construction(18)
consumption(13)
contact(6)
container(4)
containers(3)
containment(4)
control(1)
cooking(2)
cosmology(2)
counting(3)
courage(3)
covering(2)
craft(47)
crafting(12)
creation(28)
crime(2)
crossing(1)
custom(4)
cutting(20)
cycle(4)
damage(1)
darkness(3)
death(20)
decay(4)
deception(3)
decline(1)
defeat(1)
defense(4)
delay(1)
density(1)
departure(1)
deprivation(1)
depth(3)
desire(10)
destiny(1)
destruction(8)
direction(24)
discovery(2)
disease(2)
distinction(1)
distress(1)
distribution(5)
division(10)
domestic(30)
dream(1)
dress(11)
drink(2)
dryness(1)
duality(2)
duration(3)
duty(1)
dwelling(31)
earth(9)
education(1)
effort(1)
element(6)
elevation(9)
emotion(111)
emptiness(1)
enclosure(7)
endurance(3)
enjoyment(1)
evaluation(4)
event(5)
excess(1)
exchange(24)
excretion(1)
existence(10)
extension(9)
extent(1)
extreme(1)
fame(4)
family(5)
fate(4)
fear(1)
fermentation(2)
fertility(1)
fighting(2)
fire(37)
fitness(1)
flatness(2)
flesh(1)
flight(2)
flow(2)
folding(1)
following(2)
food(70)
force(17)
form(5)
fortune(1)
foundation(1)
freedom(4)
fullness(3)
furniture(3)
gathering(2)
gender(1)
gentleness(1)
geography(9)
geometry(1)
giving(8)
glory(1)
governance(8)
grammar(1)
grooming(1)
growth(34)
habit(2)
habitation(2)
hand(2)
happiness(1)
harm(2)
health(5)
hearing(7)
heat(10)
height(1)
hygiene(3)
identity(5)
immersion(1)
impact(3)
increase(4)
information(1)
inquiry(6)
inspiration(1)
instability(1)
intensity(1)
intention(1)
joy(2)
judgment(19)
kinship(37)
knowledge(10)
labor(9)
landscape(39)
language(25)
law(69)
leadership(6)
learning(3)
life(30)
light(54)
limit(1)
liquid(26)
locomotion(1)
logic(1)
making(33)
management(1)
maritime(4)
marking(2)
material(52)
measurement(24)
medicine(27)
memory(2)
mental(20)
metal(6)
metallurgy(2)
military(1)
mind(1)
mission(1)
mixing(1)
mixture(2)
moisture(3)
moral(2)
motion(90)
movement(114)
music(2)
mythological(1)
mythology(1)
narrative(2)
nature(80)
negation(3)
number(9)
numbers(8)
nurture(4)
oath(2)
object(1)
obligation(1)
obscurity(1)
observation(5)
opening(3)
opposition(2)
order(9)
organ(2)
origin(5)
pain(2)
path(7)
pattern(1)
peace(7)
people(1)
perception(33)
performance(1)
permanence(2)
persistence(5)
person(3)
philosophy(3)
physical(2)
place(4)
placement(7)
plant(15)
play(3)
pleasure(3)
position(54)
possession(11)
posture(1)
power(6)
precision(2)
preposition(3)
preservation(2)
principle(1)
process(2)
product(2)
protection(14)
provision(1)
punishment(2)
purification(1)
purity(7)
pursuit(1)
qualities(35)
quality(32)
quantity(25)
reaction(1)
reading(1)
reasoning(1)
reduction(1)
relation(19)
relationship(1)
release(1)
religion(63)
remainder(2)
remnant(1)
repetition(2)
reproduction(3)
reputation(3)
rest(10)
result(3)
rigidity(4)
ritual(43)
rotation(9)
sacred(6)
safety(1)
science(3)
search(4)
season(5)
secrecy(1)
security(1)
selection(2)
sending(1)
sensation(6)
sense(1)
senses(9)
separation(9)
sequence(1)
service(1)
settlement(2)
shame(1)
shape(18)
sharpness(15)
shelter(2)
sign(1)
signal(1)
size(4)
skill(6)
sky(4)
smell(3)
smoke(2)
smoothness(1)
social(132)
society(60)
sound(38)
space(9)
spatial(24)
spectacle(1)
speech(21)
speed(9)
spirit(9)
stability(3)
stasis(5)
state(20)
status(1)
stealth(3)
strength(7)
structure(10)
structures(11)
substance(1)
suffering(5)
sufficiency(2)
supernatural(1)
support(2)
surface(10)
sustenance(4)
swelling(4)
taste(10)
teaching(1)
technology(4)
temperature(13)
temporal(1)
textile(17)
texture(24)
thought(1)
throwing(1)
time(79)
tool(41)
tools(17)
totality(1)
trade(1)
transfer(2)
transport(15)
travel(7)
tree(1)
trust(2)
truth(2)
twisting(1)
union(3)
unity(2)
value(8)
vehicle(2)
verification(1)
vibration(3)
violence(14)
vision(27)
vitality(3)
void(1)
walking(5)
war(4)
warfare(3)
waste(1)
water(58)
wealth(4)
weapon(4)
weapons(12)
wear(2)
weariness(1)
weather(33)
weight(9)
will(1)
wisdom(1)
writing(11)
Roots by Semantic Field4191 entries across 416 fields
abandonment2 roots
ability5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-ḱ-mn̥- | a making, thing made | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-ḱ-ul- | easy to make, manageable | high | — |
| gʷneH₃- | to know, recognize (zero-grade) | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-p-mn̥- | a taking, seizure, capture | high | — |
| ḱeh₂k- | to be able, help, enable | medium | — |
absence2 roots
abstract1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱ-men-₂ | sharpness, point of stone | high | — |
abundance3 roots
achievement2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂neḱ- | to reach, attain, carry | high | — |
| h₂neḱ-eyo- | to keep reaching, attaining | medium | — |
acquisition12 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʰeh₂-bʰ- | to seize, take hold | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-₂ | to reach, seize, grab | high | — |
| h₃emh₃- | to take hold of, possess | high | — |
| h₁ep- | to take, seize, reach | high | — |
| h₂ep-₂ | to reach, grasp, handle | high | — |
| h₂weyd-₃ | to gain, acquire, find | medium | — |
| ḱap- | to grasp, seize (extended) | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-p- | to grasp, handle, seize | high | — |
| keh₂p- | to seize, grasp | high | — |
| ḱeHp- | to seize, have, hold | high | — |
| keh₂p-tó- | seized, taken, caught | high | — |
| krey-₂ | to buy, trade, acquire | medium | — |
action208 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bheg- | to break, shatter | high | — |
| bʰelh₂- | to strike, fight in battle | high | — |
| bʰendʰ-₂ | to bind, tie, fetter | high | — |
| bʰendʰ-mn̥ | something bound, a binding | high | — |
| bʰer- | to carry, to bear | high | 37 |
| bʰer-mn̥-₂ | something carried, a burden | high | — |
| bʰerh₃- | to bore, to pierce through | high | — |
| bʰerH- | to scrape, bore, perforate | high | — |
| bʰerH-eyo- | to keep bearing, enduring | high | — |
| bʰerh₂-mn̥ | an opening made by boring | high | — |
| bʰerH-mn̥ | that which bores, hole | high | — |
| bʰerH-mn̥-₂ | a bearing, carrying, burden | high | — |
| bʰewg- | to bend, to flex | high | — |
| bʰeyd-₂ | to split, cleave, bite | high | — |
| bʰeyh₂- | to strike, to cut | high | — |
| bʰlendʰ-mn̥ | a mixing, a blending together | medium | — |
| bʰreg-mn̥-₂ | something broken, a fragment | high | — |
| deh₃- | to give, to bestow | high | 35 |
| delbʰ- | to dig, delve, hollow | high | — |
| dew-k- | to pull, lead, draw | high | — |
| dʰeh₁- | to put, to place, to do | high | 36 |
| dʰeH- | to set, establish (athematic) | high | — |
| dheh₁-k-₂ | to make do, cause to place | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-ḱ- | to make, do, put into action | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-ḱ-eyo- | to keep making, doing | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-k-mn̥ | that which is made, thing | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-ḱ-mn̥- | a making, thing made | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-ḱ-to- | that which is made, deed | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-mn̥-₃ | deed, action, thing done | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-s- | to set, place (extended) | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-s-eyo- | to keep placing, arranging | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tl- | instrument of placing, that which is established | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tó- | placed, set, established | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tó-₂ | something placed, an established thing | high | — |
| dhelbh- | to dig, to hollow out | high | — |
| dʰembʰ- | to bury, to dig into earth | medium | — |
| dʰer-s-mn̥ | boldness, daring act | medium | — |
| dʰerh₂-s- | to be bold, to dare | high | — |
| dʰreǵ- | to draw, drag, pull along | high | — |
| dʰreǵ-₂ | to pull, to drag along the ground | high | — |
| dʰreǵ-tó- | something drawn or dragged | high | — |
| dhregh- | to pull, drag, carry | high | — |
| dʰreh₁ǵ- | to pull, to drag, to draw | high | — |
| dreh₂- | to run, to move quickly | high | — |
| gerH-d- | to scrape, to scratch a surface | medium | — |
| gerH-eyo- | to carry on, wage, manage | medium | — |
| gʰedʰ- | to unite, to join, to fit together | high | — |
| ǵheh₁- | to release, to let go | medium | — |
| gʰeh₂-bʰ- | to seize, take hold | high | — |
| gʰendʰ- | to seize, to take hold firmly | high | — |
| gʰendʰ-mn̥ | act of seizing, an arrest | high | — |
| gʰerH- | to rub, scrape, grind | high | — |
| gʰesd- | hand, seize by hand | high | — |
| ǵʰew-₂ | to pour, offer libation | high | — |
| gʰew-d- | to pour (extended) | high | — |
| gʰewd-₂ | to pour out, to pour a libation | high | — |
| gʰley- | to smear, to stick, to be gluey | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-₂ | to reach, seize, grab | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-₄ | to seize, to take hold of | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-eyo- | to keep seizing, grasping | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-mn̥- | a seizing, thing grasped | high | — |
| gʰrendʰ- | to grind, crush | high | — |
| gʰrendʰ-eyo- | to keep grinding, grating | high | — |
| gʰrewb- | to dig, to scratch the ground | high | — |
| ǵnebʰ- | to gnaw, bite | medium | — |
| ǵneh₃-bʰ- | to gnaw, to scrape with teeth | medium | — |
| gʷel-₂ | to throw, cast | high | — |
| gʷelH- | to pierce, prick, sting | high | — |
| gʷelh₃-eyo- | to keep swallowing, gulping | high | — |
| gʷelH-eyo- | to keep throwing, casting | high | — |
| gʷelh₁-mn̥- | a piercing, pain, torment | high | — |
| gʷem- | to come, to go | high | 32 |
| gʷerh₂-eyo-₂ | to keep swallowing, consuming | high | — |
| gʷerh₂-mn̥- | a swallowing, eating | high | — |
| gʷʰen- | to strike, to kill | high | 13 |
| gʷher-eyo- | to keep warming, heating | high | — |
| gʷʰn̥-tó- | struck, killed | high | — |
| h₂eǵ- | to drive, to lead | high | 22 |
| h₂eǵ-₂ | to lead, drive (variant) | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-eyo- | to keep driving, manage | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-mn̥-₂ | a driving, leading | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-mn̥-₃ | action, movement, agitation | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-tó- | sharpened, driven | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-tó-₂ | sharpened, done with force | high | — |
| h₂enk-eyo- | to keep bending, hooking | high | — |
| h₁ep- | to take, seize, reach | high | — |
| h₂ep-₂ | to reach, grasp, handle | high | — |
| h₃ep-es- | work, productive labor | high | — |
| h₂ep-mn̥ | act of fitting, skill at joining | medium | — |
| h₂erǵ-es- | a working, energetic action | high | — |
| h₂erk-₄ | to hold, to contain, to guard | high | — |
| h₂erk-eyo-₂ | to keep enclosing, exercising | high | — |
| h₂erk-tó-₂ | kept back, secret | high | — |
| h₂ew-g-₂ | to increase, to grow in strength | high | — |
| h₂ewk-eyo- | to keep growing, augmenting | high | — |
| h₂eyg-eyo- | to keep driving forward, urging | high | — |
| h₂lew- | to avert, to ward off | medium | — |
| h₂ley- | to grind, to crush into powder | medium | — |
| h₁leydʰ- | to go, to depart, to die | high | — |
| h₁leykʷ-₂ | to leave behind, to abandon | high | — |
| h₁leykʷ-mn̥ | remainder, what is left behind | high | — |
| h₁neyḱ- | to attack, begin, endeavor | medium | — |
| h₁reHp-mn̥- | stolen goods, plunder | high | — |
| h₁rep- | to snatch, pluck | high | — |
| h₁rep-mn̥- | a snatching, stolen thing | high | — |
| h₁rewd- | to break apart, to make rough | high | — |
| h₁rewp-eyo- | to keep breaking, disrupting | high | — |
| h₃reydʰ- | to ride, to travel, to move | high | — |
| h₁reyk- | to scratch, tear, rip | medium | — |
| h₂welh₁-d- | to exercise power, to command | high | — |
| h₂werg- | to do, to work, to make | high | — |
| h₁werg-es- | activity, energy, work-force | high | — |
| h₁werg-eyo- | to keep working, energize | high | — |
| h₁werg-tó- | worked, activated, energized | high | — |
| h₁weyh₁- | to pursue, to seek with force | medium | — |
| ḱap- | to grasp, seize (extended) | high | — |
| kap-eyo- | to keep seizing, take repeatedly | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-p-₂ | to seize, to take into custody | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-yd- | to cut, to strike down | high | — |
| keh₂p- | to seize, grasp | high | — |
| keh₂p-es- | act of seizing, mental grasping | high | — |
| keh₂p-eyo- | to keep seizing, grasping | high | — |
| keh₂p-tó-₂ | something seized, taken by force | high | — |
| kelh₂-d- | to strike, to hew with a tool | medium | — |
| kelh₂-eyo- | to keep striking, driving | medium | — |
| kelh₂-mn̥ | something hidden, concealed thing | high | — |
| kerh₂-p- | to pluck, to gather by hand | high | — |
| ḱerp-₂ | to pluck, to harvest by cutting | high | — |
| ḱerp-eyo- | to keep plucking, harvesting | high | — |
| ḱerp-mn̥- | a plucking, harvest | high | — |
| kes-₂ | to scratch, comb | medium | — |
| kew-es- | a hollowing, cave-making | high | — |
| ḱewh₁-d- | to hide, to cover over | high | — |
| kleh₂w- | to hook, to fasten with a clasp | high | — |
| ḱlep- | to steal, to take secretly | high | — |
| kreHs- | to scratch, to scrape a surface | high | — |
| ḱrey- | to sieve, to separate, to distinguish | high | — |
| kʷeh₁-s- | to acquire, to gain possession | high | — |
| kʷer- | to make, form, create | high | — |
| kʷer-mn̥ | that which is done, deed | high | — |
| ḱweyd- | to cut, sever | medium | — |
| lewdʰ-₂ | to grow, to mount up | high | — |
| leyh₂- | to pour, to flow, to offer a libation | high | — |
| leykʷ- | to leave, to remain | high | 17 |
| meh₂-k- | to knead, press, form | high | — |
| meld-eyo- | to keep grinding, milling | high | — |
| peh₂- | to protect, to feed | high | 30 |
| per-eyo- | to keep trying, experiencing | high | — |
| pewǵ- | to prick, fight with fists | high | — |
| pewg-mn̥ | a pricking, pointed action | high | — |
| pewǵ-n- | fist, closed hand for striking | high | — |
| pewg-neh₂- | to fasten by piercing, fight | high | — |
| pewǵ-s- | a blow struck with the fist | high | — |
| pewh₁- | to strike, stamp, cut | high | — |
| pewH-d- | to cut back, to prune, to clean | high | — |
| pewk- | to prick, sting | high | — |
| pewk-eyo- | to keep pricking, puncturing | high | — |
| pewk-tro- | stabbing tool, pointed instrument | high | — |
| pleh₁-dʰ- | to clap, to strike flat | high | — |
| pleh₂-k- | to strike flat, to slap | high | — |
| pleh₁-ḱ-mn̥- | a blow, striking | high | — |
| pleh₂k- | to strike, beat | high | — |
| pleyḱ- | to tear, pluck | high | — |
| reg-mn̥ | act of stretching, a reaching | high | — |
| seh₂g-mn̥-₂ | a seeking, a legal suit | high | — |
| sekH- | to cut, divide | high | — |
| sewh₁- | to sew, to stitch | high | — |
| sḱeh₂- | to cut, to separate with a blade | medium | — |
| skeh₂-d- | to scatter, to spread apart | high | — |
| sḱel- | to cut, to split apart | high | — |
| skel-eyo- | to keep cutting, dividing | high | — |
| sker-bʰ-eyo- | to keep cutting, inscribe | high | — |
| skerbʰ- | to scratch, cut, scrape | high | — |
| skerbʰ-₂ | to cut, to scratch marks | high | — |
| skewb- | to push, to shove | medium | — |
| skewH-d- | to shoot, to project forward | high | — |
| skey-d-₂ | to split, to cleave apart | high | — |
| smeh₂- | to smear, to apply a substance | medium | — |
| speh₁-r- | to stretch outward, to scatter widely | high | — |
| spend- | to pour a libation, to make a treaty | high | 17 |
| spend-eyo- | to keep weighing out, expending | high | — |
| steh₂- | to stand, to be upright | high | 40 |
| stelh₂- | to put, to place, to set up | high | — |
| ster-neh₂- | to spread flat, lay out | high | — |
| sterh₃-mn̥- | a scattering, strewing | medium | — |
| sterh₃-n- | something spread out, a covering | high | — |
| steyg-mn̥ | a mark, a pricking | high | — |
| strebʰ- | to turn, to twist tightly | medium | — |
| strew- | to spread, strew, scatter | high | — |
| strew-eyo- | to keep spreading, laying out | high | — |
| streygʰ- | to stroke, rub, press | high | — |
| sweyp- | to sweep, to swing in an arc | high | — |
| teh₂g-es- | a touching, an arrangement | high | — |
| teh₂g-mn̥ | something touched, a mark | high | — |
| teh₂w-mn̥ | a cutting, felling | high | — |
| telh₂- | to lift, to bear, to weigh | high | — |
| terh₂-eyo- | to keep boring through | high | — |
| terh₂-mn̥- | a wearing through, grinding | high | — |
| terkʷ- | to twist, turn, wind | high | — |
| terkʷ-₂ | to twist, to turn repeatedly | high | — |
| trewd-mn̥ | that which pushes, thrust | high | — |
| werg-eyo- | to keep working, be active | high | — |
| werǵ-mn̥ | something worked, an act | high | — |
| werḱ-₂ | to work, toil, be active | high | — |
| werḱ-mn̥- | wringing, pain, punishment | high | — |
| weyp- | to tremble, vibrate, wind | high | — |
| wreyḱ- | to push, to drive out | high | — |
| yewg- | to join, to yoke together | high | — |
activity1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁ewd- | to be eager, burning for | medium | — |
adhesion4 roots
adjustment1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂ep-mn̥- | a fitting, adaptation | high | — |
age3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵerH-ont- | old one, elder | high | — |
| h₂en-ti-kʷo- | from before, ancient | high | — |
| h₂yu-gʷ-es- | youthful period, age of vigor | high | — |
aging3 roots
agriculture71 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰer-s- | top, point, bristling tip | medium | — |
| bʰrewh₁- | to brew, to boil | high | — |
| dʰugh₂- | to milk, to be productive | medium | — |
| gallīnā | hen, domestic fowl | low | — |
| gʰáydos | goat, young goat | high | — |
| ǵher- | to enclose, grasp | high | — |
| gʰordʰ- | to enclose, gird | high | — |
| gʷher-mn̥ | warm, to ferment | medium | — |
| gʷreh₂-no-₂ | grain, kernel | high | — |
| gʷreh₂no- | grain, wheat | medium | — |
| h₂eǵ-ro- | field, pasture | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-ro-₂ | field, open grazing land | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-es- | spike of grain, pointed ear of wheat | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-r-₂ | field, open land | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-ro- | field, acre, open land | high | — |
| h₁éḱwos₂ | horse, swift one | high | — |
| h₂erh₃- | to plough, to till | high | — |
| h₂erH- | to plough, till the land | high | — |
| h₂erh₃-mn̥ | the plowed thing, a field | high | — |
| h₂erh₃-mn̥- | plowed field, tillable ground | medium | — |
| h₂erH-tl- | plough, tilling tool | high | — |
| h₂erh₃-tro- | plowing instrument | high | — |
| h₁ew-dʰ- | to udder, swell with milk | high | — |
| h₁ewdʰ- | to swell with abundance, to be rich | medium | — |
| h₂ewg-mn̥-₂ | act of growing, increase | high | — |
| h₂melǵ- | to milk, to wipe | high | — |
| h₂melǵ-₂ | to wipe off, to milk by squeezing | high | — |
| h₂melḱ- | to milk, wipe | high | — |
| ḱeh₂k-mn̥ | an enclosure, hedge | medium | — |
| ḱerh₂-men- | growth, sprouting grain | high | — |
| kerh₂-p- | to pluck, to gather by hand | high | — |
| kerp- | to pluck, to harvest | high | — |
| ḱerp- | to pluck, gather, harvest | high | — |
| ḱerp-₂ | to pluck, to harvest by cutting | high | — |
| kerp-es- | gathered crop, harvest yield | high | — |
| ḱerp-eyo- | to keep plucking, harvesting | high | — |
| kerp-mn̥ | act of plucking, a harvest | medium | — |
| ḱerp-mn̥- | a plucking, harvest | high | — |
| kreh₁- | to grow, nourish (Ceres) | high | — |
| krey-h₂-₂ | to sift, to separate grain | high | — |
| kʷel- | to turn, to move around, to cultivate | high | — |
| kʷel-₂ | to turn, revolve, dwell around | high | — |
| kʷel-eyo- | to keep turning, tending | high | — |
| kʷel-mn̥-₂ | a turning, cultivation | high | — |
| kʷelh₁-mn̥ | a turning, a cycle | high | — |
| līno- | flax, linen | high | — |
| meh₂-d- | to be wet, drip, flow | high | — |
| meHt- | to reap, mow | high | — |
| peh₂-s- | to feed, to graze, to protect | high | — |
| peh₂-s-mn̥ | act of protecting, a shelter for animals | high | — |
| peh₂-sk- | to feed, nourish, graze | high | — |
| peh₂-tó- | fed, pastured, protected | high | — |
| pekʷ- | to cook, to ripen | high | — |
| perk- | to dig up, furrow | high | — |
| pewH-tro- | instrument for cutting, pruning tool | medium | — |
| pleh₁ḱ- | to plait, to weave flax | medium | — |
| seh₁- | to sow, to plant | high | — |
| seh₁-d- | to sow, plant (extended) | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥ | seed, the thing sown | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥- | seed, that which is planted | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥-₂ | seed, sowing | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥-₃ | sowing, seed time | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥-₄ | seed, that which is sown | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥-₅ | the act of sowing, planting season | high | — |
| seh₁-tó- | sown, planted | high | — |
| séh₁mn̥ | seed, sown grain | high | — |
| suh₂- | pig, swine | high | — |
| táwros | bull, aurochs | high | — |
| werh₃-dʰ- | root, that which grows upward | high | — |
| yewg- | to join, to yoke together | high | — |
| yugóm | yoke, to join | high | — |
aid1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| kelp-₂ | to hold, keep safe | high | — |
air11 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰleh₁-mn̥ | that which blows, breath | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-mn̥-₂ | a blowing, breath | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-w- | to blow, swell, inflate | high | — |
| dʰewH-mn̥ | smoke, vapor, exhalation | high | — |
| h₂ew-mn̥-₂ | a breathing, air current | medium | — |
| h₂weh₁-nt- | blowing, wind | high | — |
| h₂weh₁-t- | wind, blowing (nominal) | high | — |
| plew-k- | to float, fly, flow | medium | — |
| speyH-r- | to breathe, blow spirally | high | — |
| weh₁-t- | to blow, inspire | high | — |
| weh₂-tó- | blown, windy | high | — |
alertness1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| weg- | to be lively, vigorous | high | — |
anatomy5 roots
animal33 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰleh₁-k- | to cry out, to bleat | medium | — |
| derk-mn̥ | glance, piercing look | high | — |
| gerH- | to cry out hoarsely, to call like a crane | high | — |
| ǵʰans- | goose | high | — |
| gwow-pero- | cattle-herder, cowherd | medium | — |
| gʷōws | cow, cattle | high | 27 |
| h₂egʷn- | lamb, young sheep | high | — |
| h₁eḱ-wo- | swift-moving, the horse | high | — |
| h₁eḱwo-drom- | horse-running place | high | — |
| h₁éḱwos | horse, equine animal | high | 24 |
| h₂eyg- | goat, shame | medium | — |
| h₂eyg-es-₂ | goat, goat-related | medium | — |
| h₂owi-k- | relating to birds | high | — |
| h₂ówis | sheep, domesticated ovine | high | — |
| h₁reHp- | to creep, crawl | high | — |
| h₁weyp- | to tremble, to vibrate, to wrap around | high | — |
| h₂weys- | to flow with poison, venom | high | — |
| h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ | wool, sheep fiber | high | — |
| ḱeh₂s-mn̥ | a grey animal, the hare | medium | — |
| kerh₂- | horn, head, top | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-mn̥ | horn, horned one | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-s- | thing of horn, antler | medium | — |
| ḱop- | hoof, to strike | medium | — |
| krawb- | to move on all fours, crawl | medium | — |
| kreHp-mn̥- | a creeping, crawling thing | high | — |
| ḱwon- | dog, hound, canine | high | 25 |
| peḱu- | livestock, wealth in cattle | high | — |
| peth₁-r- | wing, feathered thing | high | — |
| pisk- | fish, aquatic creature | high | — |
| steh₂-bʰl- | standing place for animals, stall | high | — |
| swer-₂ | to buzz, to hum, to swarm | medium | — |
| weyp-mn̥ | act of trembling, vibration | medium | — |
| wĺ̥kʷos | wolf, predatory canid | high | 23 |
animals22 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| angʷʰi- | eel, snake, water-serpent | medium | — |
| dʰǵʰu- | fish, aquatic creature | high | — |
| gallīnā | hen, domestic fowl | low | — |
| gʰáydos | goat, young goat | high | — |
| ǵʰh₂éns | goose, waterfowl | high | — |
| h₂awi-ḱh₂ep- | hawk, bird-catcher | medium | — |
| h₁éḱwos₂ | horse, swift one | high | — |
| h₁elh₁ḗn | deer, elk, large cervid | medium | — |
| h₃er- | eagle, large bird | high | — |
| h₂éwis | bird, winged creature | high | — |
| h₂ŕ̥tḱos | bear, large predator | high | — |
| ḱerh₂- | gray, dark color | medium | — |
| ḱh₂s-en- | hare, rabbit | medium | — |
| lóksos | salmon, trout | high | — |
| lūs- | louse, parasitic insect | high | — |
| mūs- | mouse, small rodent | high | — |
| sérpents | snake, serpent, creeping thing | high | — |
| stork- | stork, stiff-walker | medium | — |
| suh₂- | pig, swine | high | — |
| táwros | bull, aurochs | high | — |
| wl(o)p- | fox, cunning canid | medium | — |
| wŕ̥mis | worm, serpent | high | — |
appearance14 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰleh₁-wo- | yellow, golden-hued | medium | — |
| bʰosos | bare, naked | medium | — |
| gʰelh₃- | to shine, yellow, green, gold | high | — |
| gʰelh₃-wo- | yellow, greenish | high | — |
| gʷheh₂- | to shine, appear, seem | high | — |
| h₂elbʰ- | white, pale, bright | high | — |
| h₁rewdʰ- | red, ruddy | high | — |
| h₁rewdʰ-ro- | red-colored, ruddy | high | — |
| krsnó- | black, dark | medium | — |
| ḱweyt- | white, bright, to shine | high | — |
| ḱyeh₁-wo- | dark, blue-gray | medium | — |
| polH- | pale, gray, fallow | high | — |
| speḱ-mn̥- | a looking, appearance, vision | high | — |
| sweid- | to shine, bright, white | medium | — |
approval1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷerH-₂ | to approve, welcome, praise | high | — |
architecture6 roots
arrangement3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-s-eyo- | to keep placing, arranging | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-s-mn̥- | a placing together, arrangement | high | — |
| streH-tó- | spread out, stretched, layered | high | — |
arrival3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷem-eyo- | to keep coming, arriving | high | — |
| gʷem-tú- | a coming, arrival | high | — |
| h₁epi-gʷem- | to come upon, arrive at | high | — |
art5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂erH-mn̥- | fitted thing, harmonious arrangement | high | — |
| mewH-s-eh₂ | inspiration, creative arts | high | — |
| peynt- | to paint, decorate with color | high | — |
| sengʷʰ- | to sing, to chant | high | — |
| senh₂- | to sing, to compose | high | — |
ascent2 roots
attention1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| kʷeyt- | to notice, attend to, avenge | medium | — |
awareness1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰewdʰ-mn̥- | awareness, awakened state | high | — |
bearing3 roots
beauty4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dek-es- | honor, glory, adornment | high | — |
| dʰeḱ- | to receive, accept, be suitable | high | — |
| keh₃l-mn̥- | beauty, glory, radiance | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-mn̥-₃ | praise, song of praise | high | — |
beginning1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₃er-₂ | to move, stir, arise | high | — |
belief4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱerd-eyo- | to take to heart, believe firmly | high | — |
| ḱerd-eyo-₂ | to trust, place confidence | high | — |
| ḱred- | heart, core belief | high | — |
| krey-dʰeh₁- | to place heart, believe, trust | high | — |
binding13 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰendʰ-₂ | to bind, tie, fetter | high | — |
| bʰendʰ-eyo- | to keep binding, obligating | high | — |
| bʰendʰ-mn̥- | a binding, bond, obligation | high | — |
| dʰerǵʰ- | to fasten, make firm | high | — |
| h₂yew- | to join, yoke, bind by law | high | — |
| ḱenk- | to gird, encircle | high | — |
| ḱenk-eyo- | to keep girding, binding around | high | — |
| peh₂-ǵ-eyo- | to keep fastening, fix | high | — |
| peh₂-ḱ- | to fasten, make peace | high | — |
| peh₂ǵ- | to fasten, fix, make firm | high | — |
| peHǵ- | to fix, fasten firmly | high | — |
| sew-eyo- | to keep stitching, sewing | high | — |
| weh₁-dʰ- | to pledge, redeem | high | — |
biology16 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰardʰeh₂ | beard, facial hair | high | — |
| bʰeh₂-g-₂ | to eat, consume (LIV) | high | — |
| dent- | tooth, fang, biting edge | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-mn̥ | birth, offspring, race | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-s- | race, stock, clan | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-sis | origin, birth, creation | high | — |
| ǵʰésr̥ | hand, grasping limb | medium | — |
| gʷeyh₃- | to live, to be alive | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-mn̥ | living thing, creature | high | — |
| h₁ésh₂r̥ | blood, vital fluid | high | — |
| h₃eyH-s- | to go quickly, rush | medium | — |
| h₃nógʷʰ- | nail, claw | high | — |
| h₃ost- | bone, skeletal element | high | — |
| kaput- | head, top of the body | high | — |
| krewh₂- | raw flesh, blood | high | — |
| leb- | lip, to lick | medium | — |
bird1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵerH- | to cry out, call | high | — |
birth7 roots
blood1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| krew- | to be raw, bloody flesh | high | — |
body194 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| (H)meyǵʰ- | to urinate, to mist | medium | — |
| bʰardʰeh₂ | beard, facial hair | high | — |
| bʰeh₁-tl- | instrument of speaking, lips | high | — |
| bʰelǵʰ- | to swell, to gird with a belt | medium | — |
| bʰer-d- | to cut with a sharp edge, to shave | high | — |
| bʰer-mn̥-₂ | something carried, a burden | high | — |
| bʰer-s- | top, point, bristling tip | medium | — |
| bʰers- | to bristle, to stand on end | medium | — |
| bʰewg- | to bend, to flex | high | — |
| bʰleg-mn̥ | burning, inflammation | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-d- | to gush out, to flow with blood | high | — |
| bʰlendʰ-₂ | to become unclear in vision, to be blind | high | — |
| bʰlewH- | to overflow, to well up | medium | — |
| bʰreh₁g- | to smell, to breathe | high | — |
| bʰruH-mn̥ | bridge, brow, eyebrow | high | — |
| dent- | tooth, fang, biting edge | high | — |
| dent-eh₂ | set of teeth, dentition | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-l- | to suckle, nurse | high | — |
| ǵembʰ- | to bite, tooth, comb | high | — |
| gerh₂- | to grow old, to mature | high | — |
| ǵerh₂-mn̥ | old age, the aging process | high | — |
| ǵerh₂-s- | to grow old, to wither | high | — |
| ǵheh₁-bʰ- | to yawn open, to gape | high | — |
| gʰeh₂-n- | to gape open, to yawn wide | medium | — |
| gʰel-n- | gall, bile, bitter | high | — |
| gʰel-s- | bile, bitter yellow fluid | high | — |
| gʰer-mn̥- | gut, intestine, cord | medium | — |
| ghes- | to eat, to consume food | medium | — |
| ǵhes-r- | hand (nominal) | high | — |
| ǵhes-tó- | held by hand, handled | medium | — |
| gʰesd- | hand, seize by hand | high | — |
| ǵʰésr̥ | hand, grasping limb | medium | — |
| ǵheysd-mn̥ | hand, the grasping organ | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-₄ | to seize, to take hold of | high | — |
| ǵneh₃-bʰ- | to gnaw, to scrape with teeth | medium | — |
| ǵombʰ- | tooth, row of teeth, to bite | medium | — |
| ǵónu | knee, leg joint | high | 13 |
| ǵónu-bʰ- | of the knee, bent at angle | high | — |
| gʷelh₃- | to pierce, to sting, pain | medium | — |
| gʷelh₁-mn̥ | pain, torment, wounding | medium | — |
| gʷelh₃-mn̥ | an acorn, a nut | medium | — |
| gʷelh₁-s- | to cause pain, to wound | medium | — |
| gʷen-tro- | womb, belly, inner cavity | high | — |
| gʷer-₂ | to swallow, devour | high | — |
| gʷer-mn̥ | that which devours, throat | medium | — |
| gʷerh₃- | to swallow, to devour | medium | 11 |
| gʷerh₃-₂ | to swallow, eat greedily | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-mn̥ | that which devours, throat/abyss | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-s- | to devour, consuming greedily | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃- | to live, to be alive | high | — |
| ǵyewh₁- | to chew, to masticate | medium | — |
| h₃bʰel- | to swell, inflate, blow | high | — |
| h₁ed- | to eat, to consume | high | 27 |
| h₃eḱ-₂ | to see with the eye | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-mn̥ | swift motion, eye | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-mn̥-₂ | sharpness, point of the eye | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-r-₃ | sharp point, peak of excellence | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-tl- | instrument for seeing, the eye | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-tó-₂ | seen, having sight | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-ulo- | having eyes, relating to sight | high | — |
| h₂eḱru- | tear, weeping | high | — |
| h₃ekʷ- | to see, eye | high | — |
| h₂el- | to nourish, to grow | high | — |
| h₂enǵʰ-₂ | to be narrow, to constrict | high | — |
| h₂enh₁- | to breathe | high | 19 |
| h₂enh₁-mn̥ | breath, vital spirit | high | — |
| h₂enh₁-t- | front, forehead | high | — |
| h₂enh₁m- | to breathe, soul-breath | high | — |
| h₂enk- | to bend, hook | high | — |
| h₂enk-₂ | to bend, to form a hook or angle | high | — |
| h₂enḱ- | to reach, attain, carry on hip | medium | — |
| h₂enḱ-mn̥- | a bending, service | medium | — |
| h₂enk-ulo- | bent, hooked, angled | high | — |
| h₂er-mn̥ | a joining, a fitted thing | high | — |
| h₃er-s- | buttocks, tail, rear | high | — |
| h₂erg-mn̥ | something worked, a thing of value | high | — |
| h₂erg-mn̥-₂ | work, labor, a working | high | — |
| h₁ésh₂r̥ | blood, vital fluid | high | — |
| h₁ew-dʰ- | to udder, swell with milk | high | — |
| h₁ew-mn̥ | a putting on, wearing of clothes | medium | — |
| h₂ew-s- | ear (nominal) | high | — |
| h₁ewdʰ- | to swell with abundance, to be rich | medium | — |
| h₂ewg- | to shine, see | high | — |
| h₂ews-es- | ear, hearing organ | high | — |
| h₂eyg-₂ | to be sick, to suffer from illness | medium | — |
| h₂melǵ-₂ | to wipe off, to milk by squeezing | high | — |
| h₂melḱ- | to milk, wipe | high | — |
| h₃nebʰ-mn̥ | navel, central point | high | — |
| h₂nḗr | man, vital force, hero | high | — |
| h₂ner- | man, vital force | high | — |
| h₂ner-mn̥ | manly strength, vital force | high | — |
| h₂ner-mn̥- | manliness, vigor, strength | high | — |
| h₃nógʷʰ- | nail, claw | high | — |
| h₃ost- | bone, skeletal element | high | — |
| h₁rewǵ- | to vomit, to belch | high | — |
| h₁rudʰ- | to be red, ruddy | high | — |
| h₂weh₁- | to blow, to breathe wind | high | — |
| h₁wes- | to dress, clothe | high | — |
| kap-mn̥ | act of grasping, a handle | high | — |
| kap-ut- | one (cardinal number, unity) | high | — |
| kaput- | head, top of the body | high | — |
| kayl- | whole, uninjured, holy | high | — |
| kayl-₂ | whole, uninjured, sound in body | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-k-mn̥- | dung, excrement | medium | — |
| keh₃l- | to be hard, callous | medium | — |
| ḱenk-₂ | to gird, to bind around the waist | medium | — |
| ḱerd- | heart, core, center | high | 29 |
| ḱerd-₂ | middle, center | high | — |
| ḱerd-mn̥ | of the heart, heartfelt | high | — |
| ḱerd-yo-₂ | connected to the heart, courageous | high | — |
| ḱerd-yo-₃ | of the heart, heartfelt belief | high | — |
| kerh₂- | horn, head, top | high | — |
| kerh₂-mn̥ | thing made from horn, horn vessel | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-mn̥ | horn, horned one | high | — |
| kerh₂-n- | horn, skull, cranium | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-s- | thing of horn, antler | medium | — |
| ḱerh₂-s-no- | brained, having a skull | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-tó-₂ | growth, fleshy tissue | high | — |
| ḱerp-es- | body form, physical shape | high | — |
| kes- | to comb, to scratch | medium | — |
| ḱewH-ro- | swollen, powerful, heroic | medium | — |
| kewh₂s- | to cough, to expel air violently | medium | — |
| ḱop- | hoof, to strike | medium | — |
| kₒrip- | to cut leather for shoes | low | — |
| kreHp- | body, form, shape | high | — |
| krep- | body, form | medium | — |
| krep-₂ | body, form, physical shape | high | — |
| krep-es- | body, physical form | high | — |
| krew- | to be raw, bloody flesh | high | — |
| krew-mn̥-₂ | blood-mass, gore, raw flesh | high | — |
| krewh₂- | raw flesh, blood | high | — |
| krewH- | raw flesh, to congeal blood | high | — |
| krewH-es- | raw flesh, bloody mass | high | — |
| krewp-₂ | to crawl, to creep close to ground | high | — |
| krewp-mn̥ | body, form, corpse | high | — |
| kʷeHs- | to gasp, to pant, to wheeze | medium | — |
| kʷerp-es- | body, embodiment | high | — |
| leb- | lip, to lick | medium | — |
| legh- | to lie down, to lay oneself flat | high | — |
| leyp- | to smear, to stick | high | — |
| leyp-₂ | to smear, stick, be fat | high | — |
| leyp-₃ | to stick, be sticky, adhere | high | — |
| leyp-₄ | to be sticky, to smear with fat | high | — |
| lūs- | louse, parasitic insect | high | — |
| meh₁-ns-tro- | monthly measurement, lunar cycle | high | — |
| mēms- | meat, flesh | medium | — |
| mendʰ-₂ | to chew, jaw, mouth | high | — |
| mew-k- | to slip, move quickly | medium | — |
| mewk- | to slip, to be slimy | high | — |
| meygʷ- | to urinate | high | — |
| ped- | foot, lower extremity | high | 27 |
| ped-mn̥ | act of stepping, a foot-journey | high | — |
| peh₃- | to drink, to imbibe | high | 21 |
| peh₂-d- | to tread, walk, foot | high | — |
| pelh₁- | skin, membrane, thin covering | high | — |
| peth₂-mn̥ | that which spreads/flies | high | — |
| peth₁-r- | wing, feathered thing | high | — |
| pewg- | to prick, to sting | high | — |
| pewǵ-mn̥ | fist, fistfight | high | — |
| pewg-mn̥- | a fist, striking hand | high | — |
| pewǵ-n- | fist, closed hand for striking | high | — |
| pewǵ-s- | a blow struck with the fist | high | — |
| pewk-₂ | to be bushy, hairy | medium | — |
| pewk-₃ | to be hairy, to grow wool | medium | — |
| pewk-s- | hairy, thick-haired | medium | — |
| peyH- | to be fat, to swell | high | — |
| pleh₂-mn̥ | flat surface, palm | high | — |
| plew-mn̥- | lung, floating organ | high | — |
| plewm-on- | lung, breather, floating organ | high | — |
| pnew- | to breathe, to pant | high | — |
| pstew- | to sneeze, to expel through the nose | medium | — |
| seykʷ- | to pour out, trickle | medium | — |
| skeh₂-mn̥ | a covering, a shelter | high | — |
| skel-mn̥- | dried body, skeleton | high | — |
| skewH- | to cover, hide, skin | high | — |
| smeyH- | to laugh, to smile | high | — |
| speyH- | to blow, to breathe spirit | high | — |
| spyew- | to spit, to vomit | high | — |
| steh₂-mn̥-₃ | something standing, an upright | high | — |
| sterbʰ- | to be stiff, to die | high | — |
| sterbʰ-mn̥ | the stiffening, death | medium | — |
| sterbʰ-mn̥-₂ | rigidity, death stiffness | medium | — |
| steybʰ- | to be stiff, to stand firm like a post | high | — |
| swelH- | to swell, to become distended | high | — |
| swépnos | sleep, dream | high | 18 |
| terh₂-s- | to be dry, to parch | high | — |
| tewH- | to swell, be strong, crowd | high | — |
| weH-d- | to wash, to wet | high | — |
| welh₁-n- | an injury, a wound | high | — |
| werH-mn̥ | that which turns, verse | high | — |
| wert-es- | a turning, change of direction | high | — |
| wert-mn̥ | that which turns, joint | high | — |
| wes- | to clothe, to put on garments | high | — |
| yewk- | to itch, to scratch an irritation | medium | — |
boundary5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰwer-yo- | pertaining to doors, of the threshold | high | — |
| h₂erk-tó- | held back, enclosed | high | — |
| ḱenk-eyo- | to keep girding, binding around | high | — |
| terh₁-mn̥- | a boundary, limit, end-point | high | — |
| terh₁-sko- | to cross over a threshold | medium | — |
breath7 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂enh₂-₂ | to breathe, spirit (nominal) | high | — |
| h₂enh₃- | to breathe, blow | high | — |
| h₂enh₁-eyo- | to keep breathing, animating | high | — |
| h₂ent-mn̥ | breath, spirit, self | high | — |
| h₂ew-mn̥ | vital breath, soul | high | — |
| speyH-mn̥- | breath, exhalation, spirit | high | — |
| speyH-r- | to breathe, blow spirally | high | — |
building2 roots
calculation2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| pewH-t-eyo- | to keep reckoning, pruning | high | — |
| pewt-eyo- | to keep reckoning, thinking | high | — |
calling1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁wekʷ-mn̥- | a calling, spoken name | high | — |
care2 roots
carrying1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerH-tó-₂ | carried, borne, endured | high | — |
causation1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dheh₁-k-₂ | to make do, cause to place | high | — |
celestial12 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dyu-es- | daylight, bright day | high | — |
| h₂ew-s-mn̥- | dawn, morning light | high | — |
| h₂ews- | dawn, east | high | 16 |
| h₂ews-tro- | dawn-direction, east | high | — |
| h₂ster- | star, celestial body | high | 21 |
| h₂ster-mn̥- | spreading of stars, constellation | high | — |
| h₂ster-mn̥-₂ | a star, celestial light | high | — |
| lewk- | light, brightness | high | 25 |
| lewk-₂ | to shine, illuminate | high | — |
| meh₁-nes- | moon, month, monthly cycle | high | — |
| men-s- | to measure (monthly), moon | high | — |
| sóh₂wl̥ | sun, solar body | high | 28 |
center1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱerd-₂ | middle, center | high | — |
cessation1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷeHs- | to quench, extinguish | medium | — |
chance1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱeh₂d-eyo- | to keep falling, happening by chance | high | — |
change9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₃erbʰ-₂ | to turn, change, transfer | high | — |
| h₃erp- | to turn, change sides | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-sko- | to begin to grow, increase | high | — |
| ḱeyd- | to fall, happen, befall | high | — |
| mey-tʰ- | to exchange, trade, change | high | — |
| meyH- | to change, exchange, go | high | — |
| meyH-tó- | changed, exchanged, moved | high | — |
| trep- | to turn, change | high | — |
| werH-s- | to confuse, mix up | high | — |
chemistry1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱ-es-tó- | sharp-cut, vinegary | high | — |
choice2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵews- | to taste, try, choose | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-s- | willed, chosen, valuable | high | — |
clarification1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂erǵ-eyo-₂ | to make shine, polish, clarify | medium | — |
clarity1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| lewk-eyo- | to keep shining, illuminating | high | — |
classification2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵenh₁-tḱo- | relating to birth, of a kind | high | — |
| teh₂w- | to cut, divide, assess | high | — |
cleaning2 roots
cloth12 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| (s)kel- | to cover, to conceal, to shelter | high | — |
| (s)neh₁- | to spin thread, to wind | high | — |
| bʰelǵʰ- | to swell, to gird with a belt | medium | — |
| h₂ew-p- | to put on, to dress in a robe | medium | — |
| h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ | wool, sheep fiber | high | — |
| klew-t- | to patch, to cover with cloth | medium | — |
| kₒrip- | to cut leather for shoes | low | — |
| līno- | flax, linen | high | — |
| ned- | to bind, to knot (a net) | high | — |
| neh₁- | to spin, to sew with a needle | high | — |
| pilo- | pressed material, felt | medium | — |
| pleh₁ḱ- | to plait, to weave flax | medium | — |
clothing3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁wes- | to dress, clothe | high | — |
| h₁wes-mn̥- | garment, covering worn | high | — |
| h₁wes-tú- | clothing, raiment | high | — |
cognition103 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeh₂-w- | to shine forth, to appear | high | — |
| bhewdh- | to be aware, to make aware | high | — |
| bʰewdʰ-mn̥- | awareness, awakened state | high | — |
| délh₁- | to recount, to count, to tell | high | — |
| deyḱ-tó- | pointed out, shown, taught | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-s-mn̥- | a placing together, arrangement | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tó-₂ | something placed, an established thing | high | — |
| dhreugh- | to deceive, dream, harm | high | — |
| dʰrewgʰ- | to deceive, to dream | high | — |
| dʰrewgʰ-mn̥- | a deception, illusion | medium | — |
| dʰrewH- | to hold firm, to trust | medium | — |
| dwey- | to fear, to be in doubt | medium | — |
| gʰreyH- | to be heavy with sorrow, to grieve | medium | — |
| ǵneh₃- | to know, to recognise | high | 31 |
| ǵneh₃-men- | means of knowing, a name | high | — |
| ǵneh₃-mn̥-₂ | a mark of knowing, sign | high | — |
| ǵneh₃-sis- | act of knowing, knowledge | high | — |
| ǵneh₃-sko-₂ | to begin to know, learn | high | — |
| ǵneh₃-tó- | known, recognizable | high | — |
| ǵneh₃w- | to recognize, to know (extended) | medium | — |
| gʷelh₁- | to pierce, to feel guilt/pain | medium | — |
| gʷeyd- | to know, see, find | high | — |
| gʷeyd-mn̥- | a knowing, recognized thing | high | — |
| gʷhel- | to wish, will, choose | high | — |
| gʷneH₃- | to know, recognize (zero-grade) | high | — |
| gʷneh₃-tó- | recognized, known | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-men-₄ | understanding, reasoning | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-mn̥-₃ | sharp edge, keenness of mind | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-weh₂-₂ | sharpness of hearing, keenness | high | — |
| h₂enh₂- | to breathe angrily, to rage | medium | — |
| h₁epi-steh₂- | to stand upon, understand | high | — |
| h₂erH-eyo- | to keep fitting together, reasoning | high | — |
| h₂ew- | to perceive, to hear | high | 16 |
| h₂ew-dʰ-es- | perception by ear, an audience | high | — |
| h₂ew-dʰ-mn̥ | hearing, the act of perceiving sound | high | — |
| h₂ey- | to burn with envy, to desire another's lot | low | — |
| h₂eyd-s-₂ | to honor, to revere | medium | — |
| h₂weyd- | to see, to know (having seen) | high | — |
| h₂weyd-₂ | to see, perceive, know | high | — |
| h₂weyd-es- | appearance, form, visible shape | high | — |
| h₂weyd-mn̥ | knowledge, act of having seen | high | — |
| h₂weyd-mn̥-₂ | form, visible shape | high | — |
| h₁weydʰ- | to find, discover, invent | high | — |
| h₂weyh₁- | to desire, to pursue | medium | — |
| ḱeh₁- | to desire, to hope | low | — |
| ḱeh₂d- | to hate, to feel sorrow | medium | — |
| keh₂p-es- | act of seizing, mental grasping | high | — |
| ḱem- | to cover (with shame), to feel shame | low | — |
| ḱerh₂-s-no- | brained, having a skull | high | — |
| kew-eyo- | to keep observing, heeding | high | — |
| ḱred-dʰeh₁- | to place trust, to believe | high | — |
| ḱrey- | to sieve, to separate, to distinguish | high | — |
| krey-h₂-₂ | to sift, to separate grain | high | — |
| kʷeh₁-s- | to acquire, to gain possession | high | — |
| kʷer-eyo- | to keep seeking, inquire | high | — |
| kʷer-tó- | purified, certain, separated | high | — |
| kʷeyd-eyo- | to keep asking, seeking to know | high | — |
| kʷeyd-mn̥- | an asking, inquiry, quest | high | — |
| leǵ-eyo- | to keep gathering, choosing, reading | high | — |
| legʰ-eyo- | to keep reading, gathering | high | — |
| legʰ-mn̥- | reasoning, speech, word-gathering | high | — |
| lewbʰ- | to love, to care for, to desire | high | — |
| med- | to take measures, to attend to | high | — |
| med-mn̥ | act of measuring, a remedy | high | — |
| meh₂-n-mn̥ | act of thinking, a remembering | high | — |
| meldʰ- | to wonder, to be astonished | low | — |
| men- | to think, to have in mind | high | — |
| men-dʰ- | to learn by practice, to study | high | — |
| men-dheh₁- | to set the mind, learn | high | — |
| men-dheh₁-₂ | to fix in mind, remember | high | — |
| men-eyo- | to think repeatedly, remind | high | — |
| men-eyo-₂ | to keep thinking, pondering | high | — |
| men-s-₂ | the thinking faculty, mind | high | — |
| men-tl- | instrument of thought, mind | high | — |
| men-tó- | that which is thought, mind | high | — |
| men-tó-₂ | thought, intention, purpose | high | — |
| men-tro- | instrument of thought, counselor | high | — |
| mendʰ- | to learn, think, be mindful | high | — |
| mew- | to mourn, to be sad | medium | — |
| peh₂w- | to strike with fear, to terrify | medium | — |
| per-eyo- | to keep trying, experiencing | high | — |
| per-mn̥ | act of crossing, a trial | high | — |
| pewH-d- | to cut back, to prune, to clean | high | — |
| pewH-t-eyo- | to keep reckoning, pruning | high | — |
| pewt-eyo- | to keep reckoning, thinking | high | — |
| seh₂g-eyo- | to keep seeking, tracking | high | — |
| seh₂g-tó- | thing sought out, tracked | medium | — |
| sew-bʰ- | one's own, of the self | high | — |
| skey-d-₂ | to split, to cleave apart | high | — |
| speh₁-ḱ-mn̥-₂ | act of looking, observation | high | — |
| spek- | to observe carefully, to look at | high | — |
| swépnos | sleep, dream | high | 18 |
| teh₂g-es- | a touching, an arrangement | high | — |
| teh₂w-mn̥ | a cutting, felling | high | — |
| tong- | to think, to feel | high | — |
| welh₁- | to wish, to will, to want | high | — |
| welh₁-mn̥ | choice, act of willing | high | — |
| welh₁-mn̥- | a choosing, will, volition | high | — |
| wen- | to desire, to strive for, to love | high | — |
| wert-₂ | to turn, to become, to change into | high | — |
| weyd- | to see, to know | high | 35 |
| weyd-tó- | known, seen clearly | high | — |
| yew- | to rejoice, to feel joy | medium | — |
color48 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰlēg- | to shine, to gleam, to burn | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-wo- | yellow, golden-hued | medium | — |
| bʰlewk- | to shine, to flash white | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-gʷʰ- | to burn, to be warm, dark from burning | medium | — |
| dheHl- | to bloom, be green | medium | — |
| dʰergʰ- | to make dark, to dim, to obscure | high | — |
| gʰel-₂ | to shine, glow, be yellow/green | high | — |
| ǵhel-₃ | to grow, be green, vigorous | high | — |
| ǵʰel- | to shine, yellow, green | high | — |
| gʰel-eyo- | to keep shining, gilding | high | — |
| gʰel-tó- | bright yellow substance, gold | high | — |
| gʰel-wo- | shining yellow-green color | high | — |
| gʰelh₃- | to shine, yellow, green, gold | high | — |
| gʰelh₃-wo- | yellow, greenish | high | — |
| gʰreh₁-dʰ- | to grow green, sprout | high | — |
| h₂elbʰ- | white, pale, bright | high | — |
| h₂erg- | to shine, white, silver | high | — |
| h₂erǵ- | to be white, to shine | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-₂ | to be bright, white, shining | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-ent- | shining white, silver-colored | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-ey- | to gleam white, to be silvery | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-mn̥- | bright thing, shining object | medium | — |
| h₂erǵ-nt- | shining, white, silver | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-nt-₂ | the shining white metal, silver | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-tó- | shining, gleaming white | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-tó-₂ | shining, white, bright silver | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-uro- | white, gleaming (of metal) | high | — |
| h₂ergʷ- | to be bright, sparkle | medium | — |
| h₁rewdʰ- | red, ruddy | high | — |
| h₁rewdʰ-mn̥- | redness, ruddy color | high | — |
| h₁rewdʰ-ro- | red-colored, ruddy | high | — |
| h₁rudʰ- | to be red, ruddy | high | — |
| ḱeh₁-ro- | grey, old and grey-haired | medium | — |
| ḱeh₁-smen- | gray, ash-colored | medium | — |
| ḱeh₂s-mn̥ | a grey animal, the hare | medium | — |
| ḱerh₂- | gray, dark color | medium | — |
| krsnó- | black, dark | medium | — |
| ḱwey-d- | to shine white, to be bright | high | — |
| ḱwey-mn̥- | shining, holy, white thing | medium | — |
| ḱwey-t- | to shine, be bright, white | high | — |
| ḱwey-tó-₂ | shining, holy, bright | medium | — |
| ḱweyt- | white, bright, to shine | high | — |
| ḱweyt-₂ | to glow, shine brightly | high | — |
| ḱyeh₁-wo- | dark, blue-gray | medium | — |
| peynt- | to paint, decorate with color | high | — |
| polH- | pale, gray, fallow | high | — |
| rewdʰ- | to be red, to redden | high | — |
| sweid- | to shine, bright, white | medium | — |
colour1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁reudʰ- | red, ruddy, reddish | high | 20 |
commerce7 roots
communication83 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeh₂- | to speak, to say, to tell | high | — |
| bʰeh₁-mn̥-₂ | a speaking, a statement | high | — |
| bʰeh₂-sko- | to speak, to utter sounds | high | — |
| bʰeh₁-tl- | instrument of speaking, lips | high | — |
| bhewdh- | to be aware, to make aware | high | — |
| deh₃-s- | to give as instruction, to teach | high | — |
| délh₁- | to recount, to count, to tell | high | — |
| deyḱ-₂ | to show, point out, pronounce solemnly | high | — |
| deyḱ-eyo- | to keep pointing, indicating | high | — |
| deyḱ-mn̥ | the act of showing, a sample | high | — |
| deyḱ-tl- | instrument for pointing, indication device | high | — |
| deyḱ-tó- | pointed out, shown, taught | high | — |
| gʰel-mn̥ | a cry, a calling out | medium | — |
| ǵhel-mn̥ | a calling, a yelling out | medium | — |
| gʰewH- | to call, to invoke | medium | — |
| ǵʰews- | to shout, to cry out | medium | — |
| gʰrebʰ-₃ | to write, scratch, draw | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-₅ | to write, to scratch marks into surface | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-mn̥ | something scratched, a mark or letter | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-s- | to engrave, to carve signs | medium | — |
| ǵneh₃-men- | means of knowing, a name | high | — |
| gʷerH-d- | to prize, to praise highly | medium | — |
| gʷhedʰ-₃ | to ask, to pray, to request | high | — |
| h₂enǵʰ-el- | a messenger, one who is sent | high | — |
| h₂ent-swer- | to answer, to swear back | medium | — |
| h₂erǵ-eyo- | to keep arguing, making clear | high | — |
| h₂eysk- | to wish, to ask | high | — |
| h₂eysk-mn̥- | a questioning, inquiry | medium | — |
| h₃eyt- | to swear an oath | medium | — |
| h₁ger-mn̥- | a waking, rousing | medium | — |
| h₁nómn̥- | to name, to call by name | high | — |
| h₁wegʷʰ-mn̥ | a spoken thing, a vow | high | — |
| h₁wekʷ- | to speak, say | high | — |
| h₂wekʷ- | to speak prophetically, oracle | medium | — |
| h₁wekʷ-es- | voice, spoken word | high | — |
| h₁wekʷ-mn̥ | a spoken word, a saying | medium | — |
| h₁wekʷ-mn̥- | a calling, spoken name | high | — |
| ḱeh₁-n- | to sing, chant, intone | high | — |
| keh₃l-₂ | to call out, to summon | high | — |
| keh₃l-mn̥ | what is called, a name or summons | medium | — |
| kelh₁- | to call, to shout | high | — |
| kelh₁-d- | to strike so as to ring, to resound | medium | — |
| kelp-mn̥ | a carving, sculpted work | medium | — |
| ḱenk-mn̥ | something hung, a singing | medium | — |
| ḱens-mn̥- | a proclamation, public notice | medium | — |
| ḱerh₂-mn̥-₃ | praise, song of praise | high | — |
| kewH- | to curse, to strike with words | medium | — |
| ḱleh₁-eyo- | to keep calling out, summoning | high | — |
| ḱleh₁-mn̥- | a calling, summons | high | — |
| ḱlew-mn̥-₂ | that which is called, a summons | high | — |
| ḱlewd- | to hear tell of, to be famous | high | — |
| kleyH- | to ring out, to resound | high | — |
| krey-mn̥-₂ | an accusation, a crying out | high | — |
| men-eyo-₂ | to keep thinking, pondering | high | — |
| mur- | to murmur, to mutter softly | medium | — |
| peHǵ-mn̥ | that which is fixed, page | high | — |
| pleh₂-eyo- | to keep spreading flat | high | — |
| preḱ- | to ask, to pray, to entreat | high | — |
| sekʷ- | to say, to tell, to utter | high | — |
| sekʷ-mn̥- | a sign, indicator, mark | high | — |
| senh₂- | to sing, to compose | high | — |
| skreybʰ-mn̥- | a scratching, writing | high | — |
| skrībʰ- | to scratch marks, write | high | — |
| spendʰ-eyo- | to keep pledging, promising | high | — |
| stel-eyo- | to keep sending, dispatching | high | — |
| stel-mn̥- | a sending, dispatched message | high | — |
| steyg-mn̥ | a mark, a pricking | high | — |
| swer- | to swear, to speak solemnly | high | — |
| teh₂ḱ- | to be silent, to say nothing | high | — |
| wegʰ- | to pledge, to vow solemnly | medium | — |
| weh₁-r- | to speak truly, to declare as fact | high | — |
| weh₂k-eyo- | to keep calling, summoning | high | — |
| wekʷ-₂ | to speak, tell, voice | high | — |
| wekʷ-es- | utterance, spoken word | high | — |
| wekʷ-mn̥ | a word, something spoken | high | — |
| wekʷ-mn̥- | spoken thing, a word | high | — |
| wekʷ-s- | a voice, an utterance | high | — |
| wekʷ-tl- | means of speaking, a calling tool | high | — |
| werdʰ- | to speak, to say formally | high | — |
| werdʰ-o- | a word, formal utterance | high | — |
| werdʰh₁- | to speak, word | high | — |
| werh₃- | to speak solemnly, to say | medium | — |
| werh₃-₂ | to speak, say | high | — |
comparison1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| meh₂-ǵ-yo- | greater, more, to a larger degree | high | — |
compassion1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| peyt-yo- | to suffer, feel compassion for | high | — |
completeness2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| solh₂- | whole, complete, sound | high | — |
| solh₂-mn̥- | wholeness, completeness, health | high | — |
concealment4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂erk-tó-₂ | kept back, secret | high | — |
| kel-mn̥- | covering, helmet, concealment | high | — |
| kelh₁-eyo- | to keep hiding, concealing | high | — |
| ḱew-d- | to hide, conceal | high | — |
conflict12 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰelh₂- | to strike, fight in battle | high | — |
| gʷerh₂-₂ | to cry out, call aloud | high | — |
| gʷerh₂-mn̥ | speech, complaint | high | — |
| gʷʰen-mn̥- | a striking, killing blow | high | — |
| h₂ney- | to be hostile, harm | high | — |
| h₁neyḱ- | to attack, begin, endeavor | medium | — |
| pewg-mn̥- | a fist, striking hand | high | — |
| pewg-neh₂- | to fasten by piercing, fight | high | — |
| weyḱ-eyo- | to keep conquering, prevailing | high | — |
| weyḱ-mn̥- | conquered, victory achieved | high | — |
| weyḱ-tó- | conquered, defeated | high | — |
| weyḱ-tó-₂ | conquered, yielded | high | — |
confusion3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰlendʰ- | to become dim, confused, blend | high | — |
| bʰlendʰ-mn̥- | a mixing, blending, confusion | high | — |
| werH-s- | to confuse, mix up | high | — |
conjunction1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂ent-kʷe | and-also, as well as | medium | — |
connection4 roots
consciousness1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| swebʰ- | to sleep, be unconscious | high | — |
constriction1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂engʷʰ- | to constrict, feel narrow, anxious | high | — |
construction18 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰruH- | beam, bridge structure, plank | medium | — |
| dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥-₂ | wall, thing built from clay | high | — |
| dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥-₃ | a wall, thing built of clay | high | — |
| gʰeybʰ- | to fork, to branch off | medium | — |
| gʷeh₂-tl- | means of going, passage | medium | — |
| gʷerH-tl- | means of warming, a furnace | medium | — |
| h₂ey-tl- | means of going, a passage | medium | — |
| h₂ster-mn̥ | something spread, a layer | high | — |
| ḱeh₂s-mn̥- | cut stone, hewn block | high | — |
| peHǵ-mn̥-₂ | act of fixing, a fastening | high | — |
| steh₂-bʰ-₂ | to prop up, to support | high | — |
| sterh₃-n- | something spread out, a covering | high | — |
| stew-r- | a post, a pillar standing firm | high | — |
| strew-ḱ- | to build by layering, construct | high | — |
| teh₁g-mn̥-₂ | a covering, roof | high | — |
| teh₁ḱ-mn̥-₂ | a joining, fitted structure | high | — |
| tek-mn̥ | something built, a structure | high | — |
| temh₁-mn̥ | a cutting, a sacred precinct | high | — |
consumption13 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeh₂-g-₂ | to eat, consume (LIV) | high | — |
| bʰeh₂-ǵ- | to allot, distribute (variant) | high | — |
| bʰeHg- | to apportion, deal out | high | — |
| bʰrew-k- | to use, enjoy, consume | high | — |
| gʷelh₃-eyo- | to keep swallowing, gulping | high | — |
| gʷer-₂ | to swallow, devour | high | — |
| gʷer-mn̥ | that which devours, throat | medium | — |
| gʷerh₃-₂ | to swallow, eat greedily | high | — |
| gʷerh₂-eyo-₂ | to keep swallowing, consuming | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-mn̥ | that which devours, throat/abyss | high | — |
| gʷerh₂-mn̥- | a swallowing, eating | high | — |
| gʷes- | to quench thirst, taste | medium | — |
| h₁ed-₂ | to eat, consume, bite | high | — |
contact6 roots
container4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂erk-es-₂ | chest, container, enclosure | high | — |
| kup- | vessel, hollow container | high | — |
| peh₂-tro- | shallow dish, flat vessel | medium | — |
| pewt- | drinking vessel, pot | medium | — |
containers3 roots
containment4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂erǵ-₃ | to close, shut, confine | high | — |
| h₂erk- | to hold, contain, guard | high | — |
| h₂erk-mn̥- | an enclosure, contained space | high | — |
| h₂erk-tó- | held back, enclosed | high | — |
control1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵhes-tó- | held by hand, handled | medium | — |
cooking2 roots
cosmology2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eyd-tro- | burning place, altar | high | — |
| h₁regʷ-es- | darkness, murky realm | medium | — |
counting3 roots
courage3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰer-s- | to dare, be bold | high | — |
| dʰers- | to be bold, dare | high | — |
| dʰers-eyo- | to keep daring, being bold | high | — |
covering2 roots
craft47 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeHg-d- | to bake, to harden by heat | high | — |
| bʰendʰ-mn̥ | something bound, a binding | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-bʰr-₂ | a craftsman workshop, a smith | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-bʰr-eh₂ | workshop, place of making | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-bʰr-mn̥- | craft-work, made thing | high | — |
| dʰewgʷʰ- | to be useful, to produce | high | — |
| dʰreǵ-tó- | something drawn or dragged | high | — |
| gerH-d- | to scrape, to scratch a surface | medium | — |
| gʰrebʰ-₅ | to write, to scratch marks into surface | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-mn̥ | something scratched, a mark or letter | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-s- | to engrave, to carve signs | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-meh₂- | anvil, striking surface | medium | — |
| h₂enh₁-dʰ- | to strike on (an anvil) | medium | — |
| h₂ep-mn̥ | act of fitting, skill at joining | medium | — |
| h₂erǵ-es- | a working, energetic action | high | — |
| h₂erg-mn̥ | something worked, a thing of value | high | — |
| h₂erg-mn̥-₂ | work, labor, a working | high | — |
| h₂erH-d- | to fit together, to join properly | high | — |
| h₂eyos | metal, copper/bronze | high | — |
| h₂melh₂- | to crush, to grind (with a hammer) | high | — |
| h₁werg-mn̥- | work product, made thing | high | — |
| kelp-mn̥ | a carving, sculpted work | medium | — |
| ḱenk-₂ | to gird, to bind around the waist | medium | — |
| kerh₂-d- | to mix, to stir together | medium | — |
| kerH-mn̥- | heating device, oven, furnace | high | — |
| meh₂-ǵ- | to knead, to work dough | high | — |
| peh₂-tl- | a dish, a flat vessel for food | medium | — |
| pleḱ-eyo- | to keep folding, weaving | high | — |
| pleḱ-mn̥ | something braided, wickerwork | medium | — |
| sew-eyo- | to keep stitching, sewing | high | — |
| sew-mn̥-₂ | act of stitching, the sewn thing | high | — |
| sew-tl- | instrument for sewing, needle or awl | medium | — |
| sewh₁- | to sew, to stitch | high | — |
| skerbʰ-₂ | to cut, to scratch marks | high | — |
| smeh₂- | to smear, to apply a substance | medium | — |
| sneh₁-tl- | instrument for spinning, thread | medium | — |
| steh₂-men- | fixed thread, upright loom-thread | high | — |
| strebʰ- | to turn, to twist tightly | medium | — |
| tek-mn̥ | something built, a structure | high | — |
| teḱ-s-leh₂ | woven fabric, craft product | high | — |
| teks-neh₂ | skill in weaving, craftsmanship | high | — |
| teks-tro- | woven thing, interlaced material | high | — |
| webʰ-₂ | to weave, to move back and forth on a loom | high | — |
| webʰ-mn̥-₂ | woven thing, fabric | high | — |
| werǵ-mn̥ | something worked, an act | high | — |
| werg-mn̥- | a work, made thing | high | — |
| werḱ- | to work, to do, to make | high | — |
crafting12 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dheh₁-bʰr- | skillful maker, builder | high | — |
| dʰeyǵʰ-₂ | to form from clay, build | high | — |
| h₂erh₁- | to fit together, join | high | — |
| meh₂-k- | to knead, press, form | high | — |
| plek-₂ | to plait, weave (variant) | high | — |
| pleḱ- | to plait, weave, fold | high | — |
| pleyḱ-₂ | to fold, interweave | high | — |
| sew-mn̥ | that which is sewn, seam | high | — |
| skep- | to scratch, scrape, cut | high | — |
| teh₁ḱ- | to beget, give birth | high | — |
| teh₁ḱ-mn̥ | that which is built, structure | high | — |
| webʰ-mn̥ | that which is woven, fabric | high | — |
creation28 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁- | to put, to place, to do | high | 36 |
| dʰeH- | to set, establish (athematic) | high | — |
| dheh₁-bʰr- | skillful maker, builder | high | — |
| dheh₁-k-₂ | to make do, cause to place | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-ḱ- | to make, do, put into action | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-ḱ-eyo- | to keep making, doing | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-k-mn̥ | that which is made, thing | high | — |
| dʰeyǵʰ-₂ | to form from clay, build | high | — |
| dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥ | that which is shaped, figure | high | — |
| ǵenh₁- | to beget, to produce, to be born | high | 46 |
| ǵenh₁-eyo- | to keep generating, producing | high | — |
| h₃ep- | to work, produce | high | — |
| h₂ep-er- | work, labor, effort | high | — |
| h₂erH-tó- | fitted, joined, harmonious | high | — |
| h₂ewk-tó- | increased, honored | high | — |
| h₁werg- | to do, work, make | high | — |
| h₂werg- | to do, to work, to make | high | — |
| h₁werg-mn̥ | work, deed, product | high | — |
| h₁werg-mn̥- | work product, made thing | high | — |
| kerH- | to make, create, grow | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-₂ | to mix, blend | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-eyo- | to keep growing, creating | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-tó-₃ | grown, matured, created | high | — |
| kreh₂- | to mix, stir, create | high | — |
| kreh₂-mn̥ | that which grows, creation | high | — |
| kʷer- | to make, form, create | high | — |
| strew-ḱ- | to build by layering, construct | high | — |
| teh₁ḱ- | to beget, give birth | high | — |
crime2 roots
crossing1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| per-tú- | crossing, passage, ford | high | — |
custom4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-lo- | that which is established, customary | medium | — |
| dheH-mn̥ | that which is placed, law, custom | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-mn̥-₂ | established custom, law | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-es- | law, binding custom | medium | — |
cutting20 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerdʰ- | to cut, split, separate | high | — |
| bʰerH- | to scrape, bore, perforate | high | — |
| bʰeyd-₂ | to split, cleave, bite | high | — |
| gʰel-₃ | to cut, wound, kill | medium | — |
| ǵheysd-₂ | to strike, wound | high | — |
| h₁reyk- | to scratch, tear, rip | medium | — |
| ḱeh₂s- | to cut, castrate | high | — |
| kelh₂-₂ | to strike, cut, chop | medium | — |
| kʷeyd- | to cut, fell, destroy | high | — |
| ḱweyd- | to cut, sever | medium | — |
| meHt- | to reap, mow | high | — |
| pewh₁- | to strike, stamp, cut | high | — |
| sek-mn̥ | that which cuts, segment | high | — |
| skeh₁- | to cut, split, separate | high | — |
| skep- | to scratch, scrape, cut | high | — |
| sker- | to cut, separate | high | — |
| skerbʰ- | to scratch, cut, scrape | high | — |
| skerbʰ-mn̥ | that which scratches, mark | high | — |
| skey-d- | to split, divide, separate | high | — |
| teh₂w- | to cut, divide, assess | high | — |
cycle4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dyu-n- | day, daytime period | high | — |
| h₂en-ew- | repeated, renewed, year-cycle | high | — |
| seh₁-ḱ-lo- | cycle, recurring age | high | — |
| yeh₁-r- | year, annual cycle, season | high | — |
damage1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| skeh₂- | to harm, damage | medium | — |
darkness3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁regʷ-es- | darkness, murky realm | medium | — |
| krep-es-₂ | evening, twilight, dusk | medium | — |
| skeh₂-mn̥- | a shade, shadow, phantom | medium | — |
death20 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰer-g- | to hide, to protect, to bury | high | — |
| dʰrewn- | to fall into water, to drown | medium | — |
| ǵʰeysd- | to be terrified, ghost/spirit | medium | — |
| gʷenh₂- | to strike, kill | high | — |
| gʷʰen-mn̥- | a striking, killing blow | high | — |
| gʷʰn̥-tó-₂ | struck down, slain | medium | — |
| h₁ey-tó- | gone, departed, past | high | — |
| h₁leydʰ- | to go, to depart, to die | high | — |
| h₁neḱ-₂ | to perish, disappear | high | — |
| h₂neḱ-₂ | to die, perish, kill | high | — |
| h₁neḱ-tó- | death, the slain state | high | — |
| h₁neyḱ-sko- | to begin to perish, vanish | high | — |
| ḱeh₂d-mn̥ | something that befalls, lot or fate | high | — |
| ḱey-d- | to fall, to perish | high | — |
| kremH-mn̥ | burning, cremation | high | — |
| sterbʰ- | to be stiff, to die | high | — |
| sterbʰ-₂ | to become rigid, die, stiffen | high | — |
| sterbʰ-mn̥ | the stiffening, death | medium | — |
| sterbʰ-mn̥- | stiffening, dying, death-state | high | — |
| sterbʰ-mn̥-₂ | rigidity, death stiffness | medium | — |
decay4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁neyḱ-sko- | to begin to perish, vanish | high | — |
| pewdʰ- | to rot, stink | high | — |
| pewH-n- | to rot, decay, fester | high | — |
| weyh₁-sko- | to begin to separate, wither | medium | — |
deception3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dhreugh- | to deceive, dream, harm | high | — |
| dʰrewgʰ-mn̥- | a deception, illusion | medium | — |
| lewgʰ- | to swear, lie, break oath | high | — |
decline1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱeh₂-d-mn̥- | a falling, downfall | high | — |
defeat1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| weyḱ-tó-₂ | conquered, yielded | high | — |
defense4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂elk- | to ward off, to defend against disease | medium | — |
| h₂erk-₃ | to ward off, defend | high | — |
| h₂erḱ-eyo- | to keep warding off, defending | high | — |
| werh₁-mn̥- | a covering, protective barrier | high | — |
delay1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| sed-elo- | sitting long, lingering, late | medium | — |
density1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| tenkʷ- | to become thick, dense, firm | medium | — |
departure1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁leykʷ- | to leave, remain | high | — |
deprivation1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₃erbʰ-ón- | one without inheritance, servant | high | — |
depth3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰewd-mn̥- | bottom, ground beneath water | high | — |
| dʰewb-₂ | to be deep, hollow | high | — |
| dʰewb-mn̥ | depth, deep place | high | — |
desire10 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʰer-₂ | to like, want, desire | high | — |
| gʰer-d- | to yearn, desire strongly | high | — |
| gʰer-eyo- | to keep desiring, craving | high | — |
| gʷhel- | to wish, will, choose | high | — |
| h₂eyd-es- | inner heat, envy, zeal | medium | — |
| h₁weḱ- | to wish, want, will | high | — |
| kewp- | to seethe, boil with anger or desire | high | — |
| lewbʰ-eyo- | to keep loving, desiring | high | — |
| lewbʰ-mn̥- | love, desire, pleasure | high | — |
| welh₁-mn̥- | a choosing, will, volition | high | — |
destiny1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeh₁-mn̥ | utterance, speech | high | — |
destruction8 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bheg- | to break, shatter | high | — |
| bʰreg-₂ | to break apart, be brittle | high | — |
| bʰreg-mn̥ | that which breaks, fragment | high | — |
| h₁neḱ-₂ | to perish, disappear | high | — |
| hrewh₁- | to tear up, make rough | high | — |
| h₁rewp-eyo- | to keep breaking, disrupting | high | — |
| ḱerh₃- | to destroy, demolish | medium | — |
| rewk-mn̥- | a breaking, breach, rupture | high | — |
direction24 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| deyḱ-eyo- | to keep pointing, indicating | high | — |
| gʷeyd-eyo- | to keep seeing, watching over | high | — |
| gʷeyd-mn̥- | a knowing, recognized thing | high | — |
| h₁en-dʰo | into, within | high | — |
| h₂ent-r- | interior, inner part | high | — |
| h₂enti | in front, facing, against | high | — |
| h₂ew-s-tó- | dried, burned by sun | high | — |
| h₂ews-r- | dawn, morning | high | — |
| h₂ews-tro- | dawn-direction, east | high | — |
| h₁ewt- | out, away from | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-eyo- | to keep directing, ruling | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-tó- | straightened, directed, right | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-tó-₂ | made straight, guided | high | — |
| h₁reḱ- | to be straight, direct, right | high | — |
| h₂wes- | to shine, dawn | high | — |
| ḱley-eyo- | to keep leaning, inclining | high | — |
| peth₁-eyo- | to keep falling, rush down | high | — |
| pro- | forward, for, before | high | — |
| sew-d- | to move, to go southward | medium | — |
| skerb- | to twist, turn sharply, swerve | medium | — |
| uper | over, above, beyond | high | — |
| wert-mn̥- | a turning, direction, verse | high | — |
| wert-tó- | turned toward, facing | high | — |
| wesp- | evening, west | high | — |
discovery2 roots
disease2 roots
distinction1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂el-tero- | one of two, the other | high | — |
distress1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂engʰ-es- | tightness, distress, narrowness | high | — |
distribution5 roots
division10 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| deh₂- | to divide, share | high | — |
| deh₂-mn̥ | portion, share, lot | high | — |
| h₂widʰ- | to separate, divide | high | — |
| seh₁mi- | half, one of two parts | high | — |
| sek-mn̥ | that which cuts, segment | high | — |
| sekH- | to cut, divide | high | — |
| skel-eyo- | to keep cutting, dividing | high | — |
| sker- | to cut, separate | high | — |
| skey-d-tro- | splitting tool, thing that divides | high | — |
| skey-mn̥- | a cutting, division, shadow | high | — |
domestic30 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰedʰ- | to dig, prepare a sleeping place | high | — |
| dem-s-pot- | master of the house | high | — |
| dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥-₂ | wall, thing built from clay | high | — |
| dʰwer-eh₂ | doorway, entrance | high | — |
| dʰwer-yo- | pertaining to doors, of the threshold | high | — |
| gʰeHbʰ- | to take, grasp (a utensil) | high | — |
| gʷōws | cow, cattle | high | 27 |
| h₂egʷn- | lamb, young sheep | high | — |
| h₂eh₁s- | to burn, glow (of hearth fire) | high | — |
| h₁oyḱ-o- | household, dwelling unit | high | — |
| h₂wes-teh₂ | dwelling place, inhabited area | medium | — |
| h₂weyk- | settlement, dwelling cluster | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-s-eh₂ | dwelling, hut, cottage | high | — |
| kelh₂-mn̥- | heated chamber, warm room | medium | — |
| kerH-mn̥- | heating device, oven, furnace | high | — |
| kerp-es- | gathered crop, harvest yield | high | — |
| ḱleh₁-wo- | bolt, lock, key | high | — |
| kselh₁- | to scrape, comb, card wool | medium | — |
| kup- | vessel, hollow container | high | — |
| ḱwon- | dog, hound, canine | high | 25 |
| lektro- | bed, couch, place for lying | high | — |
| leyH-n- | smooth fabric, linen-like | high | — |
| peh₂-ǵ-eyo- | to keep fastening, fix | high | — |
| peh₂-tro- | shallow dish, flat vessel | medium | — |
| pewt- | drinking vessel, pot | medium | — |
| steh₂-bʰl- | standing place for animals, stall | high | — |
| swep-no- | sleep, state of rest | high | — |
| teh₂l-eh₂ | flat raised surface, board | high | — |
| teḱ-s-leh₂ | woven fabric, craft product | high | — |
| terh₁-sko- | to cross over a threshold | medium | — |
dream1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dhreugh- | to deceive, dream, harm | high | — |
dress11 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| (s)kel- | to cover, to conceal, to shelter | high | — |
| (s)neh₁- | to spin thread, to wind | high | — |
| bʰelǵʰ- | to swell, to gird with a belt | medium | — |
| h₂ew-p- | to put on, to dress in a robe | medium | — |
| h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ | wool, sheep fiber | high | — |
| klew-t- | to patch, to cover with cloth | medium | — |
| kₒrip- | to cut leather for shoes | low | — |
| līno- | flax, linen | high | — |
| neh₁- | to spin, to sew with a needle | high | — |
| pilo- | pressed material, felt | medium | — |
| pleh₁ḱ- | to plait, to weave flax | medium | — |
drink2 roots
dryness1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eh₃s- | to be dry, burn | high | — |
duality2 roots
duration3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂ey-w-mn̥- | age, lifetime, eternal period | high | — |
| h₂eyw-es- | for the whole age, always | high | — |
| h₂eyw-om | lifetime, age, long duration | high | — |
duty1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| peyt-mn̥- | devotion, faithful duty | high | — |
dwelling31 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| (s)kel- | to cover, to conceal, to shelter | high | — |
| bʰer-g- | to hide, to protect, to bury | high | — |
| bʰerǵ- | to hide, to protect | high | — |
| bʰorgʰ- | fortified high place, stronghold | high | — |
| dem- | house, household | high | 29 |
| dem-h₂- | to build (a temple), tame/domestic | medium | — |
| dem-mn̥ | household, built dwelling | high | — |
| dʰwer- | door, gate | high | — |
| dʰwer-₂ | door, gate, entrance | high | — |
| ǵher-mn̥ | an enclosure, fenced yard | high | — |
| gʰerd- | to enclose, to gird | high | — |
| ǵherdʰ-tó- | enclosed, girded | high | — |
| gʰordʰ- | to enclose, gird | high | — |
| h₂weHs- | to dwell, spend the night | medium | — |
| h₁wes-mn̥ | act of dwelling, a habitation | high | — |
| ḱew-d- | to hide, conceal | high | — |
| ḱewh₁-d- | to hide, to cover over | high | — |
| ḱey- | to lie down, home, bed | high | — |
| kʷel-₂ | to turn, revolve, dwell around | high | — |
| meh₂-n- | to stay, remain, wait | high | — |
| pleh₂-es- | flat expanse, an open area | high | — |
| rem- | to be still, to rest quietly | medium | — |
| seh₁-d-mn̥ | act of settling, a fixed place | high | — |
| seh₁-tl- | seat, settlement | high | — |
| seh₁-tl-₂ | a settled place, established dwelling | high | — |
| skeh₂-mn̥ | a covering, a shelter | high | — |
| steh₂-d- | to place firmly, to make stand | high | — |
| teh₁g-mn̥-₂ | a covering, roof | high | — |
| weyḱ- | house, settlement | high | — |
| weyḱ-₂ | settlement, clan dwelling | high | — |
| weyḱ-mn̥ | a household, settlement unit | high | — |
earth9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| delbʰ- | to dig, delve, hollow | high | — |
| dʰǵʰem- | earth, ground | high | — |
| gʷer- | mountain, elevated terrain | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-men- | stone, sharp stone | high | — |
| h₂eḱsmen- | stone, thunderbolt | medium | — |
| h₂erH- | to plough, till the land | high | — |
| perk- | to dig up, furrow | high | — |
| terh₁-s-mn̥- | dry land, earth, territory | high | — |
| ters- | to be dry, thirst | high | — |
education1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| men-dʰ- | to learn by practice, to study | high | — |
effort1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| spew-d- | to hasten with eagerness, strive | high | — |
element6 roots
elevation9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerǵ-₂ | high, lofty, elevated | high | — |
| bʰerǵ-mn̥ | high place, mountain | high | — |
| bʰerǵʰ-mn̥- | height, elevated place | high | — |
| bʰerǵʰ-tó- | raised up, elevated, proud | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-r- | sharp point, summit | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-ro-₂ | at the top, extreme | high | — |
| kelH- | to be prominent, hill | high | — |
| ḱelh₂-mn̥- | high point, summit, peak | high | — |
| men-₂ | to project, jut, mountain | high | — |
emotion111 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerǵʰ-tó- | raised up, elevated, proud | medium | — |
| dew-s- | to lack, miss, be distant | medium | — |
| dʰer-s- | to dare, be bold | high | — |
| dʰer-s-mn̥ | boldness, daring act | medium | — |
| dʰerh₂-s- | to be bold, to dare | high | — |
| dʰers- | to be bold, dare | high | — |
| dʰers-eyo- | to keep daring, being bold | high | — |
| dʰrew- | to be firm, to be solid | high | — |
| dʰrewgʰ- | to deceive, to dream | high | — |
| dʰrewH- | to hold firm, to trust | medium | — |
| dwey- | to fear, to be in doubt | medium | — |
| gerh₂-₂ | to cry, call out | high | — |
| gʰaw-es- | to gape at, marvel | medium | — |
| gʰeh₂-d- | to be glad, rejoice | high | — |
| gʰel-n- | gall, bile, bitter | high | — |
| gʰer- | to desire, to yearn | high | — |
| gʰer-₂ | to like, want, desire | high | — |
| gʰer-d- | to yearn, desire strongly | high | — |
| gʰer-eyo- | to keep desiring, craving | high | — |
| gʰer-s-eyo- | to keep bristling, being rough | medium | — |
| gʰers- | to bristle, be rough, stubble | high | — |
| gʰers-mn̥- | a bristling, horror | high | — |
| gʰewd-eyo- | to pour out joy, be glad | high | — |
| gʰewd-yo- | rejoicing, delight | high | — |
| gʰeys- | to be in fear, to be struck with terror | medium | — |
| ǵʰeysd-₂ | to be angry, aggressive | medium | — |
| gʰeysd-mn̥- | fury, violent passion | high | — |
| gʰrem- | to be angry, thunder, roar | high | — |
| gʰreyH- | to be heavy with sorrow, to grieve | medium | — |
| ǵneh₃w- | to recognize, to know (extended) | medium | — |
| gʷeh₃-d- | to rejoice, to be glad | medium | — |
| gʷelh₁- | to pierce, to feel guilt/pain | medium | — |
| gʷelh₁-mn̥ | pain, torment, wounding | medium | — |
| gʷelH-mn̥ | that which strikes, pain | medium | — |
| gʷelh₁-s- | to cause pain, to wound | medium | — |
| gʷerh₂-₃ | to welcome, to show favor | high | — |
| gʷerH- | to favor, praise, bless | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-eyo- | to keep weighing, considering | high | — |
| gʷerH-eyo- | to keep praising, showing favor | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-mn̥- | heaviness, weight, burden | high | — |
| gʷerH-mn̥- | praise, favor, thanks | high | — |
| gʷerH-tó- | favored, pleasing | high | — |
| gʷerH-tó-₃ | praised, favored, thankful | high | — |
| gʷʰer-s- | to bristle, be rough | high | — |
| h₂eḱru- | tear, weeping | high | — |
| h₂enǵʰ-₂ | to be narrow, to constrict | high | — |
| h₂engʰ-es- | tightness, distress, narrowness | high | — |
| h₂engʷʰ- | to constrict, feel narrow, anxious | high | — |
| h₂engʷʰ-es- | narrowness, tightness, distress | high | — |
| h₂engʷʰ-eyo- | to keep constricting, tightening | high | — |
| h₂enh₂- | to breathe angrily, to rage | medium | — |
| h₂enh₂-₂ | to breathe, spirit (nominal) | high | — |
| h₁ewd- | to be eager, burning for | medium | — |
| h₂ey- | to burn with envy, to desire another's lot | low | — |
| h₂ey-d-eyo- | to keep burning, feel passionate | high | — |
| h₂ey-ǵ- | to be in awe, to revere | medium | — |
| h₂ey-s- | to be in reverent fear, to worship | medium | — |
| h₂eyd-es- | inner heat, envy, zeal | medium | — |
| h₂eyd-mn̥- | a burning, conflagration | high | — |
| h₂eyd-os- | burning shame, respect | medium | — |
| h₂eyd-s- | to be in awe, revere | medium | — |
| h₂eys- | to be in awe, to revere, to be fiery | high | — |
| h₁wep- | to call out, to weep | medium | — |
| h₂weyh₁- | to desire, to pursue | medium | — |
| ḱam- | toil, be weary, suffer | medium | — |
| ḱeh₁- | to desire, to hope | low | — |
| ḱeh₂d- | to hate, to feel sorrow | medium | — |
| keh₂ro- | beloved, dear one | high | — |
| ḱem- | to cover (with shame), to feel shame | low | — |
| ḱemH- | to toil, to be weary | medium | — |
| ḱerd- | heart, core, center | high | 29 |
| ḱerd-₂ | middle, center | high | — |
| ḱerd-eyo- | to take to heart, believe firmly | high | — |
| ḱerd-mn̥ | of the heart, heartfelt | high | — |
| ḱerd-mn̥-₂ | heartfelt feeling, mercy | medium | — |
| ḱerd-yo-₂ | connected to the heart, courageous | high | — |
| ḱerd-yo-₃ | of the heart, heartfelt belief | high | — |
| kewp- | to seethe, boil with anger or desire | high | — |
| ḱred- | heart, core belief | high | — |
| kʷey-mn̥ | a resting, quietude | high | — |
| lewbʰ- | to love, to care for, to desire | high | — |
| lewbʰ-₂ | to desire, to love intensely | high | — |
| lewbʰ-eyo- | to keep loving, desiring | high | — |
| lewbʰ-mn̥- | love, desire, pleasure | high | — |
| lewd-ero- | free, unrestrained, playful | high | — |
| meldʰ- | to wonder, to be astonished | low | — |
| men- | to think, to have in mind | high | — |
| mew- | to mourn, to be sad | medium | — |
| mey-tó- | exchanged, softened, gentle | medium | — |
| peh₂w- | to strike with fear, to terrify | medium | — |
| peth₁-neh₂ | pain, suffering, endurance | high | — |
| peyt-yo- | to suffer, feel compassion for | high | — |
| pleh₂-k- | to strike flat, to slap | high | — |
| pleh₂-ḱ- | to please, be agreeable | high | — |
| preyH- | to love, be pleased | high | — |
| preyH-mn̥- | love, affection, freedom | high | — |
| smeyH- | to laugh, to smile | high | — |
| solh₂- | whole, complete, sound | high | — |
| speh₂-r- | to draw, stretch, hope | high | — |
| spendʰ- | to pour a libation, pledge solemnly | high | — |
| spew-d- | to hasten with eagerness, strive | high | — |
| terp- | to satisfy, to enjoy | medium | — |
| terp-₂ | to delight, satisfy | medium | — |
| terp-₃ | to be satiated, to enjoy fully | medium | — |
| tong- | to think, to feel | high | — |
| trem- | to tremble, quake with fear | high | — |
| trem-mn̥- | a trembling, quaking | high | — |
| welh₁- | to wish, to will, to want | high | — |
| wen- | to desire, to strive for, to love | high | — |
| yeh₂- | to seek eagerly, to be zealous | medium | — |
| yew- | to rejoice, to feel joy | medium | — |
emptiness1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂weh₁-tó-₂ | blown, airy, vain | high | — |
enclosure7 roots
endurance3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerH-eyo- | to keep bearing, enduring | high | — |
| teh₂l- | to bear, carry, endure | high | — |
| teh₂l-mn̥ | that which endures, weight | high | — |
enjoyment1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰrew-k- | to use, enjoy, consume | high | — |
entertainment2 roots
establishment2 roots
evaluation4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂ey-₂ | to give, bestow | medium | — |
| h₂eyd-₂ | to praise, revere | medium | — |
| h₂welh₂-tó- | strong, powerful | high | — |
| ḱens-mn̥ | proclamation, assessment | high | — |
event5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-mn̥-₃ | deed, action, thing done | high | — |
| keh₂-d-eyo- | to keep sharpening, inciting | medium | — |
| ḱeh₂d-es- | falling, that which befalls | high | — |
| ḱeh₂d-eyo- | to keep falling, happening by chance | high | — |
| ḱeyd- | to fall, happen, befall | high | — |
excess1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| plew-s- | more, excess of flow | high | — |
exchange24 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerǵ-mn̥-₂ | something protected, a pledge | medium | — |
| deh₃-mn̥-₂ | a giving, a portion allotted | high | — |
| deh₃-no- | thing given, gift, portion | high | — |
| deh₃-r-₂ | a gift, something given freely | high | — |
| deh₃-s- | to give as instruction, to teach | high | — |
| deh₃-s-mn̥ | a portion given, allotment | high | — |
| deh₃-tl- | instrument of giving, a device for dispensing | medium | — |
| deh₃-tl-₂ | means of giving, dispensation | high | — |
| deh₁-yt- | something owed, a binding obligation | high | — |
| dews- | to lack, to be in need | medium | — |
| gʰabʰ- | to give or receive | high | — |
| h₃ep-n- | riches, abundance | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-mn̥-₂ | shining substance, money | medium | — |
| h₂erǵ-nt-om | the white metal, silver, money | high | — |
| h₂eyḱ- | to possess, to be master of | high | — |
| h₂eyḱ-mn̥ | possession, property owned | medium | — |
| mey-tʰ- | to exchange, trade, change | high | — |
| meyH- | to change, exchange, go | high | — |
| preti- | back and forth, value given in return | high | — |
| selh₂- | to take, to grab hold of | medium | — |
| spend-₂ | to pour a libation, to promise solemnly | high | — |
| spend-eyo- | to keep weighing out, expending | high | — |
| weh₁-d- | to pledge, to guarantee | high | — |
| wes-no- | a purchase price, value in exchange | high | — |
excretion1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| meygʷ- | to urinate | high | — |
existence10 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰew- | to be, to grow, to become | high | — |
| bʰew-mn̥- | growth, becoming, existence | high | — |
| bʰew-tó- | that which has grown, become | high | — |
| h₁es- | to be, to exist | high | 29 |
| h₁es-₂ | to be, exist (copula) | high | — |
| h₁es-en- | being, essence, reality | high | — |
| h₁es-eyo- | to keep being, persisting | high | — |
| h₁es-mn̥ | being, entity, essence | high | — |
| h₁es-tú- | being, existence, entity | high | — |
| h₁wes-mn̥ | act of dwelling, a habitation | high | — |
extension9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁reyk-eyo- | to keep reaching, stretching for | high | — |
| h₂ster-n- | to spread, strew out | high | — |
| peth₂-eyo- | to keep spreading, opening | high | — |
| peth₂-sko- | to begin to spread, open out | medium | — |
| speh₂-r- | to draw, stretch, hope | high | — |
| sterh₃- | to spread, strew, lay flat | high | — |
| streH- | to stretch, extend | high | — |
| streH-mn̥ | that which is spread, layer | high | — |
| ten-dʰ- | to stretch toward, extend | high | — |
extent1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| sterH-mn̥- | a spreading, flat expanse | high | — |
extreme1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱ-ro-₂ | at the top, extreme | high | — |
fame4 roots
family5 roots
fate4 roots
fear1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| trem- | to tremble, quake with fear | high | — |
fermentation2 roots
fertility1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-l-₂ | to bloom, nurse, nourish (variant) | high | — |
fighting2 roots
fire37 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰleg- | to shine, burn, flash | high | — |
| bʰleg-eyo- | to keep burning, blazing | high | — |
| bʰleg-mn̥ | burning, inflammation | high | — |
| bʰleg-mn̥-₂ | blaze, shining fire | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-g- | to set on fire, to blaze | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-g-mn̥- | a flame, blaze | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-mn̥ | that which blows, breath | high | — |
| dʰeǵʰ- | to burn, to kindle | high | — |
| dʰegʷʰ- | to burn, be warm | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-gʷʰ- | to burn, to be warm, dark from burning | medium | — |
| dʰweyh₂- | to smoke, fumigate, obscure | high | — |
| dʰweyh₂-mn̥ | smoke, vapor rising from fire | high | — |
| gʰwer- | to burn, be warm, hot | high | — |
| gʷeHs- | to quench, extinguish | medium | — |
| gʷher-₂ | to be warm, hot | high | — |
| gʷher-₃ | to boil, to heat a liquid | high | — |
| gʷʰer- | warm, hot, heated | high | — |
| h₂eh₁s- | to burn, glow (of hearth fire) | high | — |
| h₂eh₃s- | to be dry, burn | high | — |
| h₂eyd- | to burn, fire | high | — |
| h₂eyd-mn̥ | burning, a fire-offering | medium | — |
| h₂eyd-mn̥- | a burning, conflagration | high | — |
| h₂eyd-tó- | burned, blazing | high | — |
| h₂eyd-tro- | burning place, altar | high | — |
| h₂eydʰ- | to burn, kindle | high | — |
| H₂eydʰ- | to burn, to kindle a fire | medium | — |
| h₂eydʰ-s- | that which burns, fire, hearth | high | — |
| keh₂w- | to burn, to be hot | high | — |
| kerH-eyo- | to keep heating, burning | high | — |
| kerH-mn̥- | heating device, oven, furnace | high | — |
| kremH- | to burn, smolder | high | — |
| kremH-mn̥ | burning, cremation | high | — |
| péh₂wr̥ | fire, flame, burning | high | — |
| pewH-r̥ | fire (nominal) | high | — |
| pewh₁-r- | fire, burning | high | — |
| stew- | to push upward, to steam | medium | — |
| terkʷ-mn̥ | that which twists, torch | high | — |
fitness1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂ep-tó- | fitted, apt, suited | high | — |
flatness2 roots
flesh1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱerh₂-tó-₂ | growth, fleshy tissue | high | — |
flight2 roots
flow2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʰew-r- | that which is poured, stream | high | — |
| kʷer-eyo-₂ | to keep running, coursing | high | — |
folding1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| pleyḱ-₂ | to fold, interweave | high | — |
following2 roots
food70 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeHg-d- | to bake, to harden by heat | high | — |
| bʰerw- | to boil, brew, ferment | high | — |
| bʰerw-mn̥ | that which ferments, yeast | high | — |
| bʰerw-mn̥-₂ | boiling, fermenting mass | high | — |
| bʰlendʰ-mn̥ | a mixing, a blending together | medium | — |
| bʰrewh₁- | to brew, to boil | high | — |
| bʰruHg- | to enjoy, to use | high | — |
| deh₂-p- | to apportion a sacrificial meal | medium | — |
| delk- | sweet, agreeable to taste | medium | — |
| dʰewgʷʰ- | to be useful, to produce | high | — |
| dʰǵʰu- | fish, aquatic creature | high | — |
| dʰugh₂- | to milk, to be productive | medium | — |
| ǵew- | to taste, to enjoy | medium | — |
| ǵews-mn̥ | act of tasting, a sampling | medium | — |
| ǵʰans- | goose | high | — |
| gʰerH- | to rub, scrape, grind | high | — |
| ghes- | to eat, to consume food | medium | — |
| gʰews- | to taste, to try | high | — |
| gʰrendʰ- | to grind, crush | high | — |
| gʰrendʰ-mn̥- | ground meal, something ground | high | — |
| ǵnebʰ- | to gnaw, bite | medium | — |
| gʷelh₃-mn̥ | an acorn, a nut | medium | — |
| gʷerh₃-s- | to devour, consuming greedily | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-tl- | means of living, sustenance | high | — |
| gʷher-₃ | to boil, to heat a liquid | high | — |
| gʷher-mn̥ | warm, to ferment | medium | — |
| gʷreh₂-no-₂ | grain, kernel | high | — |
| gʷreh₂no- | grain, wheat | medium | — |
| ǵyewh₁- | to chew, to masticate | medium | — |
| h₁ed-₂ | to eat, consume, bite | high | — |
| h₃erbʰ-eh₂- | herb, green plant | high | — |
| h₂ewk- | to cook, ripen by heat | medium | — |
| h₂melǵ- | to milk, to wipe | high | — |
| h₂melh₂-mn̥ | act of grinding, a mill | high | — |
| h₂melḱ- | to milk, wipe | high | — |
| kerh₂-d- | to mix, to stir together | medium | — |
| krew- | to be raw, bloody flesh | high | — |
| krewh₂- | raw flesh, blood | high | — |
| krewH- | raw flesh, to congeal blood | high | — |
| krewp- | to form a crust, coagulate | medium | — |
| krewp-mn̥-₂ | a crusting, outer shell | high | — |
| kʷel- | to turn, to move around, to cultivate | high | — |
| lóksos | salmon, trout | high | — |
| medʰu | mead, honey-wine, sweet drink | high | — |
| médʰu | honey, mead, sweet drink | high | — |
| meh₂-d- | to be wet, drip, flow | high | — |
| meh₂-ǵ- | to knead, to work dough | high | — |
| meld-mn̥- | a grinding, milled substance | high | — |
| melh₂- | to grind, to crush | high | — |
| mélit | honey, sweet substance | high | — |
| mēms- | meat, flesh | medium | — |
| mendʰ-₂ | to chew, jaw, mouth | high | — |
| mew-d- | to be moist, musty | high | — |
| peh₂-mn̥ | that which feeds, food | high | — |
| peh₂-mn̥-₂ | act of feeding, nourishment | high | — |
| peh₂-s- | to feed, to graze, to protect | high | — |
| peh₂-sk- | to feed, nourish, graze | high | — |
| peh₂-sk-eyo- | to keep feeding, nourishing | high | — |
| peh₂-tl- | a dish, a flat vessel for food | medium | — |
| peh₂-tó- | fed, pastured, protected | high | — |
| pekʷ- | to cook, to ripen | high | — |
| peyt- | to nourish, feed | high | — |
| piH- | fat, sap, to be fat | high | — |
| seh₂l- | salt, sea water | high | — |
| seh₂l-d- | salted, preserved | high | — |
| seh₂l-mn̥- | salt, seasoning, preservation | high | — |
| seh₂l-s- | the salty substance, brine | high | — |
| séh₁mn̥ | seed, sown grain | high | — |
| seh₂wl̥- | salt, mineral seasoning | high | — |
| sweh₂d- | sweet, pleasant | high | — |
force17 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰleh₁-mn̥-₂ | a blowing, breath | high | — |
| dʰrebʰ- | to drive, push, run | high | — |
| dʰrebʰ-eyo- | to keep running, drive | high | — |
| dʰreh₁ǵ- | to pull, to drag, to draw | high | — |
| dʰreyb-mn̥- | a driving, forced movement | high | — |
| gʰew-mn̥-₂ | pouring, libation | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-tó-₂ | sharpened, done with force | high | — |
| h₂engʷʰ-eyo- | to keep constricting, tightening | high | — |
| h₁rep- | to snatch, pluck | high | — |
| h₁werg-es- | activity, energy, work-force | high | — |
| h₁werg-eyo- | to keep working, energize | high | — |
| kap-yo- | to seize, take hold of | high | — |
| kʷeh₁-t- | to shake, agitate | high | — |
| peth₁-tú- | a falling, rushing toward | high | — |
| ten-dʰ- | to stretch toward, extend | high | — |
| tregʰ- | to drag, pull, draw along | high | — |
| trewd-mn̥ | that which pushes, thrust | high | — |
form5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥ | that which is shaped, figure | high | — |
| kreHp- | body, form, shape | high | — |
| krewp-mn̥ | body, form, corpse | high | — |
| kʷerp-es- | body, embodiment | high | — |
| weyd-mn̥- | form, appearance, seen thing | high | — |
fortune1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱeh₂d-es- | falling, that which befalls | high | — |
foundation1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷeh₂-mn̥ | step, going, base | high | — |
freedom4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁lewdʰ-ero- | free, of the people | high | — |
| h₂leydʰ- | to grow, increase, free | high | — |
| h₂leydʰ-tó- | freed, set free | high | — |
| lewdʰ-ero- | free, belonging to the people | high | — |
fullness3 roots
furniture3 roots
gathering2 roots
gender1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷenh₃- | woman, wife | high | — |
gentleness1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| mey-tó- | exchanged, softened, gentle | medium | — |
geography9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerǵ-₂ | high, lofty, elevated | high | — |
| bʰerǵ-mn̥ | high place, mountain | high | — |
| delbʰ- | to dig, delve, hollow | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-r-₂ | field, open land | high | — |
| h₂ew-s-tó- | dried, burned by sun | high | — |
| h₂kʷeh₂- | water (nominal) | high | — |
| kelH- | to be prominent, hill | high | — |
| kolh₁- | hill, elevated ground | high | — |
| men-₂ | to project, jut, mountain | high | — |
geometry1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| pewk-mn̥ | that which pricks, point | high | — |
giving8 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| deh₃-eyo- | to keep giving, bestowing | high | — |
| deh₃-mn̥ | gift, giving | high | — |
| deh₃-no- | thing given, gift, portion | high | — |
| deh₃-r- | to give, gift (extended) | high | — |
| deh₃-tis- | act of giving, offering | high | — |
| deh₃-tó- | given, granted | high | — |
| h₂ey-₂ | to give, bestow | medium | — |
| preh₂-eyo- | to give out before, provide | medium | — |
glory1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱlew-mn̥ | what is heard, fame, report | high | — |
governance8 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dem-s-pot- | master of the house | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-eyo- | to keep directing, ruling | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-mn̥-₂ | rule, direction, guidance | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-mn̥-₃ | straightness, rule, correction | high | — |
| kret-es- | power, ruling force | high | — |
| pewH-bʰl- | of the people, common | high | — |
| pewH-bʰl-mn̥- | the people, public body | high | — |
| steh₂-tú- | standing, state, condition | high | — |
grammar1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ṇ- | not, un-, negative prefix | high | — |
grooming1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| kselh₁- | to scrape, comb, card wool | medium | — |
growth34 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰew-mn̥- | growth, becoming, existence | high | — |
| bʰew-tú- | growth, nature, coming-to-be | high | — |
| bʰleh₃- | to bloom, flourish, flower | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-l-₂ | to bloom, nurse, nourish (variant) | high | — |
| dheHl- | to bloom, be green | medium | — |
| ǵhel-₃ | to grow, be green, vigorous | high | — |
| gʰreh₁- | to grow, to become green | high | — |
| gʰreh₁-dʰ- | to grow green, sprout | high | — |
| h₂el- | to nourish, to grow | high | — |
| h₂el-₂ | to grow, nourish, raise | high | — |
| h₂erd- | to rise, high, grow tall | medium | — |
| h₂ew-g- | to increase, to augment | high | — |
| h₂ew-tó- | increased, great | high | — |
| h₂ewg-eyo- | to keep increasing, augmenting | high | — |
| h₂ewg-mn̥ | that which increases, augment | high | — |
| h₂ewg-mn̥- | increase, growth, augmentation | high | — |
| h₂ewk-eyo- | to keep growing, augmenting | high | — |
| h₂ewk-s- | to grow, increase further | high | — |
| h₂lewdʰ- | to grow up, people, folk | high | — |
| h₂lewdʰ-sko- | to begin to grow, start developing | high | — |
| h₂leydʰ- | to grow, increase, free | high | — |
| h₁ludʰ- | to grow, rise | medium | — |
| h₂weg- | to increase, grow | high | — |
| kerH- | to make, create, grow | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-eyo- | to keep growing, creating | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-men- | growth, sprouting grain | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-sko- | to begin to grow, increase | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-tó-₃ | grown, matured, created | high | — |
| kreh₁- | to grow, nourish (Ceres) | high | — |
| kreh₂- | to mix, stir, create | high | — |
| kreh₂-mn̥ | that which grows, creation | high | — |
| pewk-₂ | to be bushy, hairy | medium | — |
| pewk-s- | hairy, thick-haired | medium | — |
| pro-bʰew- | to grow forth, prove | high | — |
habit2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁ḱew- | to be used to, accustom | high | — |
| sweh₂d-eyo- | to make one-s own, accustom | high | — |
habitation2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂weHs- | to dwell, spend the night | medium | — |
| h₂wes-teh₂ | dwelling place, inhabited area | medium | — |
hand2 roots
happiness1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-l-₂ | to bloom, nurse, nourish (variant) | high | — |
harm2 roots
health5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷeyh₃-tó-₂ | alive, living, vital force | high | — |
| h₂eyg-es- | illness, affliction | medium | — |
| med-eyo- | to heal, attend to, measure | high | — |
| solh₂-eyo- | to make whole, save, heal | high | — |
| solh₂-mn̥- | wholeness, completeness, health | high | — |
hearing7 roots
heat10 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰegʷʰ- | to burn, be warm | high | — |
| gʰer-mn̥-₂ | warmth, heat (nominal) | high | — |
| gʰwer- | to burn, be warm, hot | high | — |
| gʰwer-mn̥ | warm place, oven | high | — |
| h₂ew-s-tó- | dried, burned by sun | high | — |
| h₂ewk- | to cook, ripen by heat | medium | — |
| h₂eyd-tó- | burned, blazing | high | — |
| h₂eydʰ- | to burn, kindle | high | — |
| h₂eydʰ-s- | that which burns, fire, hearth | high | — |
| kelh₂-mn̥- | heated chamber, warm room | medium | — |
height1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂erd- | to rise, high, grow tall | medium | — |
hygiene3 roots
identity5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵneh₃-mn̥ | mark, sign, known thing | high | — |
| h₃neh₃-mn̥- | name, title, designation | high | — |
| h₃neh₃-mn̥-₂ | named one, having a name | high | — |
| h₃nómn̥ | name, personal designation | high | 32 |
| neh₁-men- | name (nominal) | high | — |
immersion1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷhedʰ-₂ | to sink, plunge | high | — |
impact3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dreHb- | to step heavily, trample | medium | — |
| kelh₂-eyo- | to keep striking, driving | medium | — |
| stumb- | to stumble, trip, collide with | medium | — |
increase4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂ewg-eyo- | to keep increasing, augmenting | high | — |
| h₂ewg-mn̥ | that which increases, augment | high | — |
| h₂ewg-mn̥- | increase, growth, augmentation | high | — |
| h₂weg- | to increase, grow | high | — |
information1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| deh₃-tó- | given, granted | high | — |
inquiry6 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱ-s-mn̥- | a sharpening, edge, axis | high | — |
| h₂eysk-mn̥- | a questioning, inquiry | medium | — |
| kʷeh₁-mn̥ | that which is sought, question | high | — |
| kʷer-eyo- | to keep seeking, inquire | high | — |
| kʷeyd-eyo- | to keep asking, seeking to know | high | — |
| kʷeyd-mn̥- | an asking, inquiry, quest | high | — |
inspiration1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| mewH-s-eh₂ | inspiration, creative arts | high | — |
instability1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| stag- | to sway, totter, stagger | medium | — |
intensity1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂ey-d-eyo- | to keep burning, feel passionate | high | — |
intention1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| men-tó-₂ | thought, intention, purpose | high | — |
joy2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʰeh₂-d- | to be glad, rejoice | high | — |
| gʰewd-eyo- | to pour out joy, be glad | high | — |
judgment19 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-mn̥-₄ | established rule, that which is set | high | — |
| dʰeḱ- | to receive, accept, be suitable | high | — |
| ǵews- | to taste, try, choose | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-eyo- | to keep sharpening, making worthy | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-mn̥ | sharp edge, axle | medium | — |
| kens-eyo- | to keep assessing, declaring | high | — |
| ḱens-mn̥- | a proclamation, public notice | medium | — |
| ḱrey- | to sieve, to separate, to distinguish | high | — |
| krey-h₂- | to sift, separate, judge | high | — |
| krey-mn̥ | that which separates, judgment | high | — |
| ḱrey-mn̥-₂ | a sifting, separation, judgment | high | — |
| ḱrey-sis- | act of separating, judgment | high | — |
| kʷer-tó- | purified, certain, separated | high | — |
| meh₁d- | to measure, give advice | high | — |
| pewh₁- | to strike, stamp, cut | high | — |
| pewH-₂ | to purify, cleanse | high | — |
| pewH-tis | act of purifying, reckoning | high | — |
| pewH-tó- | purified, cleansed | high | — |
| teh₂g- | to touch, handle, arrange | high | — |
kinship37 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰréh₂tēr | brother, male sibling | high | 27 |
| bʰréh₂tēr-yo- | of a brother, brotherly | high | — |
| deh₂iwḗr | husband's brother, brother-in-law | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-l- | to suckle, nurse | high | — |
| dʰugh₂tḗr | daughter, female offspring | high | 18 |
| ǵenh₁- | to beget, to produce, to be born | high | 46 |
| ǵenH- | to beget, be born, clan | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-es- | race, stock, family line | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-mn̥ | birth, offspring, race | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-os | clan, race, kind | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-s- | race, stock, clan | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-ter- | begetter, parent | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-tl- | birth-group, clan, noble family | high | — |
| ǵenH-tl- | means of producing, birth instrument | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-tó- | born, begotten | high | — |
| gʷenh₂-es- | womanly, female nature | medium | — |
| gʷenh₂-ikos | relating to women, female | medium | — |
| gʷenh₂-mn̥ | woman, female person | high | — |
| gʷenh₂-mn̥- | a woman, female person | high | — |
| h₃erbʰ-es- | an orphan, one bereft of heritage | high | — |
| h₃erbʰ-mn̥ | something inherited, patrimony | high | — |
| h₃erbʰ-mn̥- | inheritance, passed-down wealth | high | — |
| h₃órbʰos | orphan, bereft | high | — |
| h₁widʰéwh₂ | widow, separated one | high | — |
| h₂yuh₁en- | young, youthful | high | — |
| meh₂-tér- | mother (kinship term) | high | — |
| meh₂-tér-₂ | mother, origin, source | high | — |
| méh₂tēr | mother, female parent | high | 29 |
| népōts | nephew, grandson | high | — |
| peh₂-tér- | one who protects, father | high | — |
| peth₂-r̥ | father (nominal) | high | — |
| peth₂-wr̥ | the one who falls upon, father figure as protector | high | — |
| ph₂tḗr | father, male parent | high | 27 |
| snusós | daughter-in-law | high | — |
| swéḱuros | father-in-law | high | — |
| tewt- | tribe, people, community | high | — |
| wedʰ- | to lead, to wed, to pledge | high | — |
knowledge10 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰew-sis- | nature, growth, being | high | — |
| deh₁-ḱ- | to teach, show, cause to accept | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tis | a placing, setting, position | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tis-₂ | act of placing, thesis | high | — |
| ǵneh₃-mn̥ | mark, sign, known thing | high | — |
| ǵneh₃-sis- | act of knowing, knowledge | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-u-mn̥- | a document, sharp record | high | — |
| skeh₁- | to cut, split, separate | high | — |
| skey-mn̥- | a cutting, division, shadow | high | — |
| weyd-tó- | known, seen clearly | high | — |
labor9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₃ep- | to work, produce | high | — |
| h₂ep-er- | work, labor, effort | high | — |
| h₃erbʰ-₂ | to turn, change, transfer | high | — |
| h₁werg- | to do, work, make | high | — |
| h₂werg- | to do, to work, to make | high | — |
| h₁werg-mn̥ | work, deed, product | high | — |
| werg-eyo- | to keep working, be active | high | — |
| werḱ- | to work, to do, to make | high | — |
| werḱ-₂ | to work, toil, be active | high | — |
landscape39 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰergh-mn̥ | something high, mountain | high | — |
| bʰerǵʰ-mn̥- | height, elevated place | high | — |
| bʰredʰ- | to wade through, to cross water on foot | medium | — |
| bʰruH- | beam, bridge structure, plank | medium | — |
| dhelbh- | to dig, to hollow out | high | — |
| dʰembʰ- | to bury, to dig into earth | medium | — |
| dʰewb-₃ | deep, dark, hidden from light | high | — |
| dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥-₃ | a wall, thing built of clay | high | — |
| ǵher-mn̥ | an enclosure, fenced yard | high | — |
| gʰrewb- | to dig, to scratch the ground | high | — |
| gʷelH-₂ | to drip, to spring forth as a well | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-ro-₂ | field, open grazing land | high | — |
| h₂ekʷeh₂- | water, body of water | high | — |
| h₂ep-ero- | shore, bank, further side | high | — |
| h₂ep-es- | river, flowing water | high | — |
| h₂erh₃-mn̥ | the plowed thing, a field | high | — |
| h₂erh₃-mn̥- | plowed field, tillable ground | medium | — |
| h₁eyǵ- | icy, to be covered in ice | high | — |
| h₂neǵʰ- | reed-bed, marshy ground near water | medium | — |
| h₂ster-mn̥ | something spread, a layer | high | — |
| ḱap-mn̥- | a field, cleared ground | high | — |
| ḱeh₂k-mn̥ | an enclosure, hedge | medium | — |
| kelh₁-mn̥ | something elevated, a peak | medium | — |
| ḱelh₂-mn̥- | high point, summit, peak | high | — |
| kelh₁-s- | to be prominent, to tower | medium | — |
| ḱewh₁-mn̥ | a mound, piled-up earth | medium | — |
| kolh₁- | hill, elevated ground | high | — |
| lendʰ- | open land, heath | high | — |
| mori-₂ | body of standing water, lake or sea | high | — |
| peh₂-tro-₂ | rock, stone, bedrock | high | — |
| pelh₁-mn̥- | ground, floor, flat earth | high | — |
| pent-h₂ | to tread, to find a way | high | — |
| pertu- | crossing place, ford | high | — |
| pleh₂-es- | flat expanse, an open area | high | — |
| pleh₂-mn̥-₂ | flat open ground, a plain | high | — |
| steh₂-n- | hard standing substance, rock | high | — |
| terh₂-s- | to be dry, to parch | high | — |
| terh₁-s-mn̥- | dry land, earth, territory | high | — |
| wer-s- | high point, summit, height | medium | — |
language25 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeh₂- | to speak, to say, to tell | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-mn̥-₅ | theme, that which is placed | high | — |
| gʰewH- | to call, to invoke | medium | — |
| ǵʰews- | to shout, to cry out | medium | — |
| h₂ent-kʷe | and-also, as well as | medium | — |
| h₂ent-swer- | to answer, to swear back | medium | — |
| h₂eysk- | to wish, to ask | high | — |
| h₃eyt- | to swear an oath | medium | — |
| h₃neh₃-mn̥- | name, title, designation | high | — |
| h₃neh₃-mn̥-₂ | named one, having a name | high | — |
| h₃nómn̥ | name, personal designation | high | 32 |
| h₁nómn̥- | to name, to call by name | high | — |
| kelh₁- | to call, to shout | high | — |
| kewH- | to curse, to strike with words | medium | — |
| legʰ-mn̥- | reasoning, speech, word-gathering | high | — |
| neh₁-men- | name (nominal) | high | — |
| sekʷ- | to say, to tell, to utter | high | — |
| senh₂- | to sing, to compose | high | — |
| wekʷ-es- | utterance, spoken word | high | — |
| wekʷ-mn̥- | spoken thing, a word | high | — |
| werdʰ-o- | a word, formal utterance | high | — |
| werdʰh₁- | to speak, word | high | — |
| werh₃- | to speak solemnly, to say | medium | — |
| werHd- | to speak, say formally | high | — |
| wert-mn̥- | a turning, direction, verse | high | — |
law69 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerǵ-es- | protection, a guarantee | medium | — |
| bʰerh₂-mn̥ | an opening made by boring | high | — |
| deh₁-mn̥-₆ | something set down, an established law | medium | — |
| deh₃-mn̥-₂ | a giving, a portion allotted | high | — |
| deh₃-tl-₂ | means of giving, dispensation | high | — |
| deh₁-yt- | something owed, a binding obligation | high | — |
| deyḱ-₂ | to show, point out, pronounce solemnly | high | — |
| deyḱ-mn̥ | the act of showing, a sample | high | — |
| deyḱ-tl- | instrument for pointing, indication device | high | — |
| dheH-mn̥ | that which is placed, law, custom | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-mn̥ | that which is set down, law | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-mn̥-₂ | established custom, law | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-mn̥-₄ | established rule, that which is set | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-mn̥-ǵ- | a law, customary practice | medium | — |
| dʰeh₁-s-mn̥ | divine law, what is laid down by gods | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tl- | instrument of placing, that which is established | high | — |
| dʰer-mn̥-₂ | a holding, something firmly fixed | high | — |
| ǵheh₁- | to release, to let go | medium | — |
| gʰendʰ-mn̥ | act of seizing, an arrest | high | — |
| ǵheysd-₂ | to strike, wound | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-es- | law, binding custom | medium | — |
| h₃erbʰ-mn̥ | something inherited, patrimony | high | — |
| h₂leg-eyo- | to keep collecting, choosing by law | high | — |
| h₂leydʰ-tó- | freed, set free | high | — |
| h₂reǵ- | to straighten, to direct, to rule | high | — |
| h₃reǵ- | to straighten, to rule | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-₂ | to stretch, reach, rule | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-mn̥ | rule, direction, standard | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-s- | king, ruler | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-tó- | straightened, directed, right | high | — |
| h₁reḱ- | to be straight, direct, right | high | — |
| h₁wegʷʰ- | to speak solemnly, vow | high | — |
| h₂yew- | to join, yoke, bind by law | high | — |
| ḱeh₂d-₂ | to fall, drop, happen | high | — |
| keh₃l-mn̥ | what is called, a name or summons | medium | — |
| keh₂p-tó- | seized, taken, caught | high | — |
| keh₂p-tó-₂ | something seized, taken by force | high | — |
| ḱens-mn̥ | proclamation, assessment | high | — |
| kerd- | to believe firmly, to trust as true | high | — |
| ḱlep- | to steal, to take secretly | high | — |
| krey-h₂- | to sift, separate, judge | high | — |
| krey-mn̥ | that which separates, judgment | high | — |
| krey-mn̥-₂ | an accusation, a crying out | high | — |
| ḱrey-mn̥-₂ | a sifting, separation, judgment | high | — |
| kʷeh₁-mn̥ | that which is sought, question | high | — |
| kʷey-₂ | to value, avenge, punish | high | — |
| leǵ-es- | law, that which is gathered/chosen | high | — |
| legh-mn̥ | something laid down, a rule | high | — |
| leyǵ-₂ | to bind, to tie together in alliance | high | — |
| nem- | to assign, allot, take | high | — |
| peh₂-ḱ- | to fasten, make peace | high | — |
| peh₂-ḱ-mn̥ | act of fastening, an agreement | high | — |
| peh₂ǵ- | to fasten, fix, make firm | high | — |
| peHǵ- | to fix, fasten firmly | high | — |
| peHǵ-mn̥-₂ | act of fixing, a fastening | high | — |
| peh₂ḱ- | to fasten, to join in peace | high | — |
| pewH-n-₂ | a purifying or cleansing agent | high | — |
| pewH-n-eyo- | to keep punishing, purifying | high | — |
| sed-mn̥ | act of sitting, a session | high | — |
| seh₂g-mn̥-₂ | a seeking, a legal suit | high | — |
| sekʷ-mn̥-₃ | act of following, a sequence | high | — |
| steh₂-tó- | stood, standing, placed | high | — |
| treh₂w- | to trust, to be faithful | high | — |
| weh₁-d- | to pledge, to guarantee | high | — |
| weh₁-dʰ- | to pledge, redeem | high | — |
| weh₁-r- | to speak truly, to declare as fact | high | — |
| welh₁-mn̥ | choice, act of willing | high | — |
| werdʰ- | to speak, to say formally | high | — |
| yewH-es- | law, sacred bond, oath | high | — |
leadership6 roots
learning3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵneh₃-sko-₂ | to begin to know, learn | high | — |
| men-dheh₁- | to set the mind, learn | high | — |
| mendʰ- | to learn, think, be mindful | high | — |
life30 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰew- | to be, to grow, to become | high | — |
| ǵenh₁- | to beget, to produce, to be born | high | 46 |
| ǵenh₁-eyo- | to keep generating, producing | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-mn̥-₂ | seed, germ, offspring | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-sko- | to come into being, begin to be born | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-tḱo- | relating to birth, of a kind | high | — |
| ǵenH-tl- | means of producing, birth instrument | high | — |
| gʷey- | to live, to sustain life | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-mn̥ | living thing, creature | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-teh₂ | life force, living state | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-tl- | means of living, sustenance | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-tó- | alive, living | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-tó-₂ | alive, living, vital force | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-wó- | alive, living, vital | high | — |
| h₂enh₃- | to breathe, blow | high | — |
| h₂enh₁-eyo- | to keep breathing, animating | high | — |
| h₂enh₁-m-eh₂ | breath, soul, life-breath | high | — |
| h₂enh₁-mn̥ | breath, vital spirit | high | — |
| h₂ent-mn̥ | breath, spirit, self | high | — |
| h₂ey-w- | vital force, life, eternity | high | — |
| h₂eyw- | to live a long time, to have vital force | high | — |
| h₂lewdʰ-sko- | to begin to grow, start developing | high | — |
| h₂yew-n- | vital force, youthful vigor | high | — |
| leyp-₂ | to smear, stick, be fat | high | — |
| leyp-₃ | to stick, be sticky, adhere | high | — |
| leyp-₄ | to be sticky, to smear with fat | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥ | seed, the thing sown | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥- | seed, that which is planted | high | — |
| speyH-r- | to breathe, blow spirally | high | — |
| weyh₁-tó- | pursued, hunted | high | — |
light54 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeh₂-w- | to shine forth, to appear | high | — |
| bʰerǵ-eyo- | to keep brightening, shining | high | — |
| bʰewk- | to shine, gleam | medium | — |
| bʰleg- | to shine, burn, flash | high | — |
| bʰlēg- | to shine, to gleam, to burn | high | — |
| bʰleg-eyo- | to keep burning, blazing | high | — |
| bʰleg-mn̥-₂ | blaze, shining fire | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-g- | to set on fire, to blaze | high | — |
| bʰleh₁g- | to shine, to be blessed | medium | — |
| bʰleḱ- | to flash, lightning flash | high | — |
| bʰlewk- | to shine, to flash white | high | — |
| dʰergʰ- | to make dark, to dim, to obscure | high | — |
| dʰewb-₃ | deep, dark, hidden from light | high | — |
| dyew- | to shine (as divine sky), divine | high | — |
| gʰel-₂ | to shine, glow, be yellow/green | high | — |
| ǵʰel- | to shine, yellow, green | high | — |
| gʰel-eyo- | to keep shining, gilding | high | — |
| gʰel-it- | to sparkle, to flash with light | medium | — |
| gʰel-mn̥- | a shining, gleam, golden thing | high | — |
| gʰel-wo- | shining yellow-green color | high | — |
| gʰleyd- | to gleam, to shine intermittently | medium | — |
| gʷheh₂- | to shine, appear, seem | high | — |
| h₂erg- | to shine, white, silver | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-₂ | to be bright, white, shining | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-ey- | to gleam white, to be silvery | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-eyo-₂ | to make shine, polish, clarify | medium | — |
| h₂erǵ-mn̥- | bright thing, shining object | medium | — |
| h₂erǵ-y- | silver, shining metal | high | — |
| h₂ergʷ- | to be bright, sparkle | medium | — |
| h₂ew-r- | dawn light, early morning | high | — |
| h₂ew-s-mn̥ | the early light, dawn | high | — |
| h₂ewg- | to shine, see | high | — |
| h₂ews-r- | dawn, morning | high | — |
| H₂eydʰ- | to burn, to kindle a fire | medium | — |
| h₃regʷ- | to cover with darkness | medium | — |
| h₂ster-mn̥-₂ | a star, celestial light | high | — |
| h₂wes- | to shine, dawn | high | — |
| ḱwey-d- | to shine white, to be bright | high | — |
| ḱwey-t- | to shine, be bright, white | high | — |
| ḱweyt-₂ | to glow, shine brightly | high | — |
| lewk-₂ | to shine, illuminate | high | — |
| lewk-es- | brightness, light quality | high | — |
| lewk-eyo- | to keep shining, illuminating | high | — |
| lewk-mn̥ | light, illumination | high | — |
| lewk-mn̥-₂ | a light, lamp, illumination | high | — |
| lewk-s- | light, brightness (nominal) | high | — |
| lewk-tó- | brightness, shining substance | high | — |
| lewk-tro- | light-bearing, lamp | high | — |
| merk- | to become dark, to flicker and go out | medium | — |
| rewk- | to be bright, light | medium | — |
| skeh₁-mn̥ | a shadow, a reflection | medium | — |
| skeh₂-mn̥- | a shade, shadow, phantom | medium | — |
| skey-h₂- | to cast a shadow, to shade | high | — |
| temh₁-s- | darkness, the dark time | medium | — |
limit1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| terh₁-mn̥- | a boundary, limit, end-point | high | — |
liquid26 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰenh₂- | to flow, to run (liquid) | medium | — |
| dʰewb- | to dip, to sink into liquid | high | — |
| dʰews- | to scatter, to sprinkle (dew) | medium | — |
| dʰrewn- | to fall into water, to drown | medium | — |
| dʰreyb- | to drip, to fall in drops | medium | — |
| ǵʰew- | to pour, to offer libation | high | — |
| ǵʰew-₂ | to pour, offer libation | high | — |
| gʰew-d- | to pour (extended) | high | — |
| gʰew-mn̥-₂ | pouring, libation | high | — |
| ǵhew-mn̥-₂ | pouring, libation, offering | high | — |
| gʰewH-mn̥ | that which is poured, libation | high | — |
| h₁eyH- | ice, frost | high | — |
| Hreg- | to wet, to rain | medium | — |
| h₁reyH- | to flow, to stream (river) | high | — |
| leyh₂- | to pour, to flow, to offer a libation | high | — |
| leyH- | to pour, flow | medium | — |
| lókus | body of still water, lake | high | — |
| meld- | to soften, to melt | high | — |
| móri | body of water, sea, lake | high | — |
| seykʷ- | to pour out, trickle | medium | — |
| sprenǵʰ- | to spring up, to burst forth | medium | — |
| srew- | to flow, to stream | high | — |
| stew- | to push upward, to steam | medium | — |
| wed- | to wet, to be moist | high | — |
| weH-d- | to wash, to wet | high | — |
| weh₂gʰ- | to move in waves, to waver | medium | — |
locomotion1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷheH- | to stride, step forward | high | — |
logic1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱ-mn̥-₄ | principle, self-evident truth | high | — |
making33 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| (s)tew- | to push, to strike | high | — |
| bʰendʰ- | to bind, to tie | high | — |
| bʰreg- | to break, to shatter | high | — |
| deyk- | to throw, to build a wall | high | — |
| dʰeyǵʰ- | to mold, to form, to knead | high | — |
| gʰerd- | to enclose, to gird | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ- | to seize, to grab | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ₂- | to write, to scratch | high | — |
| gnebʰ- | to press, to pinch | medium | — |
| gʷelh₃- | to pierce, to sting, pain | medium | — |
| h₁rewp- | to tear, to break | high | — |
| kelh₂- | to strike, to cut | high | — |
| kerp- | to pluck, to harvest | high | — |
| kes- | to comb, to scratch | medium | — |
| ḱewd- | to hide, to conceal | high | — |
| krey- | to sieve, to separate | high | — |
| lew- | to cut, to loosen | high | — |
| leyǵ- | to bind, to league | high | — |
| leyp- | to smear, to stick | high | — |
| meh₁- | to measure | high | — |
| melh₂- | to grind, to crush | high | — |
| pewg- | to prick, to sting | high | — |
| pewh₂- | to purify, to cleanse | high | — |
| skel- | to cut, to split | high | — |
| skey- | to cut, to split | high | — |
| teks- | to fashion, to weave | high | — |
| temh₁- | to cut, to sever | high | — |
| ten- | to stretch, to pull | high | — |
| trewd- | to press, to push, to thrust | high | — |
| webʰ- | to weave, to braid | high | — |
| werg- | to work, to do | high | — |
| werǵ- | to squeeze, to press | high | — |
| weyk- | to bend, to wind | high | — |
management1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gerH-eyo- | to carry on, wage, manage | medium | — |
maritime4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂enk-tro- | hooking device, anchor | high | — |
| neh₂-w- | to navigate, sail | high | — |
| neh₂-w-mn̥ | ship, vessel | high | — |
| seh₂l- | salt, sea water | high | — |
marking2 roots
material52 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerdʰ- | to cut, split, separate | high | — |
| bʰerǵ-s- | to protect by enclosing | medium | — |
| bʰreg-mn̥ | that which breaks, fragment | high | — |
| deru- | tree, wood, to be firm | high | 23 |
| dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥-₂ | wall, thing built from clay | high | — |
| dʰrew- | to be firm, to be solid | high | — |
| dóru | tree, wood, oak | high | — |
| doru-mn̥- | beam, timber, spear-shaft | high | — |
| gʰel-mn̥- | a shining, gleam, golden thing | high | — |
| gʰel-tó- | bright yellow substance, gold | high | — |
| gʰley- | to smear, to stick, to be gluey | high | — |
| gʰrendʰ- | to grind, crush | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-mn̥ | sharp stone, thunderbolt | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-ent- | shining white, silver-colored | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-mn̥-₂ | shining substance, money | medium | — |
| h₂erǵ-nt- | shining, white, silver | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-nt-₂ | the shining white metal, silver | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-nt-om | the white metal, silver, money | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-tó- | shining, gleaming white | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-tó-₂ | shining, white, bright silver | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-uro- | white, gleaming (of metal) | high | — |
| h₂erǵ-y- | silver, shining metal | high | — |
| h₂ey-es- | metal, bronze, copper ore | high | — |
| h₂eyos- | metal, copper, bronze | high | — |
| h₂eyos-₂ | copper, bronze metal | medium | — |
| h₂ley- | to grind, to crush into powder | medium | — |
| h₁ludʰ- | to grow, rise | medium | — |
| h₁rewdʰ-mn̥- | redness, ruddy color | high | — |
| h₁wes-mn̥- | garment, covering worn | high | — |
| keh₂d-mn̥- | smelted metal, slag, crude material | medium | — |
| ḱeh₂s-mn̥- | cut stone, hewn block | high | — |
| kelh₂-mo- | stalk, stem, reed | medium | — |
| kerH-eyo- | to keep heating, burning | high | — |
| kerh₂-mn̥ | thing made from horn, horn vessel | high | — |
| ḱerh₂-mn̥-₂ | horn instrument, trumpet call | medium | — |
| ḱerh₂-tl- | hardened thing, potsherd | medium | — |
| krew-mn̥-₂ | blood-mass, gore, raw flesh | high | — |
| krewH-es- | raw flesh, bloody mass | high | — |
| leyH-n- | smooth fabric, linen-like | high | — |
| meh₁-tl- | instrument for cutting, middle point | high | — |
| mewk- | to slip, to be slimy | high | — |
| peh₂-tro-₂ | rock, stone, bedrock | high | — |
| pelh₁- | skin, membrane, thin covering | high | — |
| plew-k-mn̥- | feathery, downy, fluffy | high | — |
| seh₂l-s- | the salty substance, brine | high | — |
| steh₂-men- | fixed thread, upright loom-thread | high | — |
| steh₂-n- | hard standing substance, rock | high | — |
| stey- | to be stiff, compressed, stone | high | — |
| streH-mn̥ | that which is spread, layer | high | — |
| teks-tro- | woven thing, interlaced material | high | — |
| ten-mn̥ | something stretched, a thin surface | high | — |
| webʰ-mn̥-₂ | woven thing, fabric | high | — |
measurement24 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷreh₂-d-mn̥ | step, degree | high | — |
| gʷreh₂-w-mn̥- | a weighing, measured mass | high | — |
| gʷreh₂-wis- | weighing, heaviness | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-r-₃ | sharp point, peak of excellence | high | — |
| h₁nek- | to reach, to attain, to carry to completion | medium | — |
| h₃reǵ-mn̥ | rule, direction, standard | high | — |
| kens-eyo- | to keep assessing, declaring | high | — |
| kʷo-ti- | how much, of what amount | high | — |
| med-eyo- | to heal, attend to, measure | high | — |
| med-mn̥- | a measure, middle, means | high | — |
| meh₁-d-mn̥ | that which is measured, remedy | high | — |
| meh₁-s- | to measure out (extended) | high | — |
| meh₁-t- | to measure, to allot a measured portion | high | — |
| meh₁d- | to measure, give advice | high | — |
| men-s- | to measure (monthly), moon | high | — |
| men-s-mn̥- | measured thing, dimension | high | — |
| neh₁-mn̥ | an apportioned thing, a custom | high | — |
| pewh₂-r-₂ | small, a few | high | — |
| reg-mn̥ | act of stretching, a reaching | high | — |
| skend-mn̥ | that which climbs, rung | high | — |
| speh₁-d- | to succeed, to prosper, to have space | high | — |
| telh₂- | to lift, to bear, to weigh | high | — |
| temh₁-es- | period of heat/dark, time segment | high | — |
| ten-mn̥ | something stretched, a thin surface | high | — |
medicine27 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰleg-mn̥ | burning, inflammation | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-d- | to gush out, to flow with blood | high | — |
| deh₃-s-mn̥ | a portion given, allotment | high | — |
| gʰel-s- | bile, bitter yellow fluid | high | — |
| ǵheysd-mn̥ | hand, the grasping organ | high | — |
| gʷenh₂-ikos | relating to women, female | medium | — |
| h₂elk- | to ward off, to defend against disease | medium | — |
| h₂eyg-₂ | to be sick, to suffer from illness | medium | — |
| h₂ḱew-mn̥- | sharpened thing, stone tool | high | — |
| h₂weys- | to flow with poison, venom | high | — |
| kayl-₂ | whole, uninjured, sound in body | high | — |
| kewh₂s- | to cough, to expel air violently | medium | — |
| kʷeHs- | to gasp, to pant, to wheeze | medium | — |
| med- | to take measures, to attend to | high | — |
| med-mn̥ | act of measuring, a remedy | high | — |
| meh₁-d-mn̥ | that which is measured, remedy | high | — |
| meh₂-n-mn̥ | act of thinking, a remembering | high | — |
| meh₁-t- | to measure, to allot a measured portion | high | — |
| meh₁d- | to measure, give advice | high | — |
| pewH-n-₂ | a purifying or cleansing agent | high | — |
| pnew- | to breathe, to pant | high | — |
| pstew- | to sneeze, to expel through the nose | medium | — |
| srew-es- | a flow, a running stream | high | — |
| srew-mn̥ | a flowing, a stream course | high | — |
| swelH- | to swell, to become distended | high | — |
| welh₁-n- | an injury, a wound | high | — |
| yewk- | to itch, to scratch an irritation | medium | — |
memory2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| men-dheh₁-₂ | to fix in mind, remember | high | — |
| men-eyo- | to think repeatedly, remind | high | — |
mental20 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰewdʰ- | to be aware, to awaken | high | — |
| bʰeydʰ- | to trust, to confide | high | — |
| deyḱ- | to show, to point | high | — |
| gʰeh₁- | to call, to invoke | medium | — |
| gʰer- | to desire, to yearn | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ₂- | to write, to scratch | high | — |
| ǵneh₃-sk- | to know, to recognize | high | — |
| h₂ḱew- | to perceive, to hear | high | — |
| h₂welh₁- | to wish, to choose | high | — |
| ḱens- | to proclaim, to speak solemnly | high | — |
| ḱerd-yo- | to believe, to trust | high | — |
| ḱewd- | to hide, to conceal | high | — |
| meh₁- | to measure | high | — |
| preh₂- | to ask, to pray | high | — |
| sengʷʰ- | to sing, to chant | high | — |
| speḱ- | to look, to observe | high | — |
| terh₁- | to cross, to overcome | high | — |
| terp- | to satisfy, to enjoy | medium | — |
| weḱ- | to speak, to voice | high | — |
| werh₁- | to speak, to say | high | — |
metal6 roots
metallurgy2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂ey-es- | metal, bronze, copper ore | high | — |
| keh₂d-mn̥- | smelted metal, slag, crude material | medium | — |
military1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱap-mn̥- | a field, cleared ground | high | — |
mind1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| men-tó- | that which is thought, mind | high | — |
mission1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| stel-mn̥- | a sending, dispatched message | high | — |
mixing1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱerh₂-₂ | to mix, blend | high | — |
mixture2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰlendʰ-mn̥- | a mixing, blending, confusion | high | — |
| ḱerh₃-tó- | mixed, blended together | high | — |
moisture3 roots
moral2 roots
motion90 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| (s)tew- | to push, to strike | high | — |
| bʰer- | to carry, to bear | high | 37 |
| bʰleh₁- | to blow, to puff | high | — |
| bʰredʰ- | to wade through, to cross water on foot | medium | — |
| bʰreg- | to break, to shatter | high | — |
| dewk- | to pull, to lead by pulling | high | — |
| dʰenh₂- | to flow, to run (liquid) | medium | — |
| dʰreǵ-₂ | to pull, to drag along the ground | high | — |
| gʰeh₁-bʰ- | to grasp, to take | medium | — |
| gʰeh₁bʰ- | to seize, to give | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ- | to seize, to grab | high | — |
| gʰredʰ- | to go, to step forward | high | — |
| gnebʰ- | to press, to pinch | medium | — |
| gʷeh₂-d- | to step, to go forward | high | — |
| gweh₃-mn̥ | act of going, movement | high | — |
| gʷeh₂-s- | to step on, to tread | high | — |
| gʷeh₂-tl- | means of going, passage | medium | — |
| gʷem- | to come, to go | high | 32 |
| gʷem-mn̥ | a step, act of coming | high | — |
| gʷredʰ- | to stride, to walk with purpose | high | — |
| h₂eǵ- | to drive, to lead | high | 22 |
| h₂ekʷ-mn̥ | something following, a consequence | high | — |
| h₁er- | to set in motion, to stir up for war | medium | — |
| h₁ers- | to be in motion, to flow | high | — |
| h₁ey- | to go, to walk, to move | high | — |
| h₁ey-mn̥ | a going forth, passage | high | — |
| h₂ey-mn̥ | a going, a journey | medium | — |
| h₁ey-tl- | means of going, pathway | high | — |
| h₂ey-tl- | means of going, a passage | medium | — |
| h₃eyh₁- | to go forth, to set in motion | medium | — |
| h₁nek- | to reach, to attain, to carry to completion | medium | — |
| h₁neḱ- | to reach, to attain | high | — |
| h₂ōḱ- | sharp, fast, swift | high | — |
| h₁rewp- | to tear, to break | high | — |
| h₁reydʰ- | to ride, to move while mounted | high | — |
| h₁reydʰ-mn̥ | an expedition, a mounted journey | high | — |
| h₂reyH- | to flow, to run as a stream | high | — |
| h₂wegʰ-mn̥ | something moved, a vehicle | high | — |
| h₂welh₂-mn̥ | act of turning, revolution | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-n- | to roll, to turn over | high | — |
| h₁weyp- | to tremble, to vibrate, to wrap around | high | — |
| kap- | to seize, to grab | high | — |
| keh₂d-₃ | to fall, to drop down | high | — |
| keh₂d-es- | act of falling, downward motion | high | — |
| kel- | to drive, to set in motion | high | — |
| ḱelh₁- | to rise, to be elevated | high | — |
| ḱem-mn̥ | a coming, arrival | high | — |
| ḱeyH- | to set in motion, to impel | high | — |
| ḱley- | to lean, to incline | high | — |
| ḱop- | hoof, to strike | medium | — |
| krewp-₂ | to crawl, to creep close to ground | high | — |
| kʷel- | to turn, to move around, to cultivate | high | — |
| mewH- | to push away, to remove | high | — |
| mey- | to change, to exchange | high | — |
| ped- | foot, lower extremity | high | 27 |
| ped-mn̥ | act of stepping, a foot-journey | high | — |
| pent-h₂ | to tread, to find a way | high | — |
| per- | forward, through, far | high | — |
| per-mn̥ | act of crossing, a trial | high | — |
| peth₂- | to fly, to fall | high | — |
| peth₁-n- | a falling, a misfortune | high | — |
| plew- | to flow, to swim | high | — |
| pṓnts | bridge, path, way | high | — |
| ret- | to run, to roll, round | high | — |
| sekʷ-mn̥-₃ | act of following, a sequence | high | — |
| ser- | to flow, to move | high | — |
| skewb- | to push, to shove | medium | — |
| skey- | to cut, to split | high | — |
| speh₁- | to succeed, to prosper | high | — |
| speh₁-d- | to succeed, to prosper, to have space | high | — |
| speh₁-r- | to stretch outward, to scatter widely | high | — |
| sprenǵʰ- | to spring up, to burst forth | medium | — |
| stew-r- | a post, a pillar standing firm | high | — |
| steyg- | to stride, to climb | high | — |
| swem- | to swim, to be in motion | high | — |
| sweyp- | to sweep, to swing in an arc | high | — |
| ten- | to stretch, to pull | high | — |
| terh₁- | to cross, to overcome | high | — |
| terh₂- | to cross over, to pass through | high | — |
| trewd- | to press, to push, to thrust | high | — |
| weǵʰ- | to carry in a vehicle, to transport | high | — |
| weh₂-gʰ- | to move on water, to sail | medium | — |
| weh₂gʰ- | to move in waves, to waver | medium | — |
| werǵ- | to squeeze, to press | high | — |
| wert- | to turn, to wind | high | — |
| wert-₂ | to turn, to become, to change into | high | — |
| wert-es- | a turning, change of direction | high | — |
| weyk- | to bend, to wind | high | — |
| weyp-mn̥ | act of trembling, vibration | medium | — |
| wreg- | to track, to pursue | medium | — |
movement114 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeh₂-d- | to go, step, walk | medium | — |
| bʰer-eyo- | to carry repeatedly, bear habitually | high | — |
| bʰer-tó- | carried, borne | high | — |
| dʰrebʰ- | to drive, push, run | high | — |
| dʰrebʰ-eyo- | to keep running, drive | high | — |
| dʰreǵ- | to draw, drag, pull along | high | — |
| dʰreǵ-mn̥ | that which is dragged, burden | high | — |
| dhregh- | to pull, drag, carry | high | — |
| dʰreh₁ǵ- | to pull, to drag, to draw | high | — |
| dʰreyb-mn̥- | a driving, forced movement | high | — |
| dreh₂- | to run, to move quickly | high | — |
| dreHb- | to step heavily, trample | medium | — |
| gʰengʰ- | to step, go, march | high | — |
| gleyd- | to move smoothly, glide | medium | — |
| gʷeh₂- | to go, walk | high | — |
| gʷeh₃- | to tread, step on | high | — |
| gʷeh₂-mn̥ | step, going, base | high | — |
| gʷeh₂-tó- | gone, stepped | high | — |
| gʷelH-eyo- | to keep throwing, casting | high | — |
| gʷelH-mn̥-₂ | thrown thing, projectile | high | — |
| gʷem-₂ | to go, come, step | high | — |
| gʷem-eyo- | to keep coming, arriving | high | — |
| gʷem-mn̥- | a coming, approach, convention | high | — |
| gʷem-tú- | a coming, arrival | high | — |
| gʷheH- | to stride, step forward | high | — |
| gʷreh₂-d- | to step, walk, go (extended) | high | — |
| gʷreh₂-d-mn̥ | step, degree | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-eyo- | to keep driving, manage | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-mn̥ | that which is driven, course | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-mn̥-₃ | action, movement, agitation | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-tó- | sharpened, driven | high | — |
| h₂enḱ- | to reach, attain, carry on hip | medium | — |
| h₂epo-steh₂- | to stand away from, rebel | high | — |
| h₃er-₂ | to move, stir, arise | high | — |
| h₁ergh- | to shake, quiver, move jerkily | medium | — |
| h₁ey-mn̥- | a going, wandering particle | high | — |
| h₃ey-mn̥- | way, path, journey | high | — |
| h₁ey-sko- | to begin to go, set out | medium | — |
| h₁ey-tó- | gone, departed, past | high | — |
| h₂eyg-eyo- | to keep driving forward, urging | high | — |
| h₃eyH- | to go, travel, journey | high | — |
| h₃eyH-mn̥ | journey, going | high | — |
| h₁eyH-mn̥- | a going, journey, track | high | — |
| h₃eyH-s- | to go quickly, rush | medium | — |
| h₁leydʰ- | to go, to depart, to die | high | — |
| h₂neg- | to swim, float along | high | — |
| h₂neḱ-eyo- | to keep reaching, attaining | medium | — |
| h₃orbʰ-it- | circular path, track | high | — |
| h₁reHp- | to creep, crawl | high | — |
| h₁rewsH- | to move violently, rush | medium | — |
| h₃reydʰ- | to ride, to travel, to move | high | — |
| h₁reyk-eyo- | to keep reaching, stretching for | high | — |
| h₁weg- | to weave, move in woven path | high | — |
| h₂wegʰ- | to ride, go on a vehicle | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-eyo- | to keep rolling, revolve | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-mn̥- | a rolling, thing that turns | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-tó- | rolled, turned over | high | — |
| keh₂-d-eyo- | to keep sharpening, inciting | medium | — |
| ḱeh₂-d-mn̥- | a falling, downfall | high | — |
| keh₂d- | to fall, drop, befall | high | — |
| ḱeh₂d-₂ | to fall, drop, happen | high | — |
| kelh₁-₂ | to drive, set in motion | high | — |
| krawb- | to move on all fours, crawl | medium | — |
| kreHp-mn̥- | a creeping, crawling thing | high | — |
| krew-p- | to move close to ground, creep | high | — |
| kʷeh₁-t- | to shake, agitate | high | — |
| kʷekʷlo-₂ | turning thing, wheel, cycle | high | — |
| kʷel-₂ | to turn, revolve, dwell around | high | — |
| kʷel-mn̥ | that which revolves, wheel | high | — |
| kʷer-eyo-₂ | to keep running, coursing | high | — |
| kʷer-s- | to run, course | high | — |
| kʷer-s-eyo- | to keep running, racing | high | — |
| kʷer-s-mn̥ | running, course | high | — |
| kʷerp- | to turn, move around | high | — |
| leyH-₂ | to lean, incline | high | — |
| mew-k- | to slip, move quickly | medium | — |
| meyH- | to change, exchange, go | high | — |
| meyH-tó- | changed, exchanged, moved | high | — |
| peh₂-d- | to tread, walk, foot | high | — |
| pent- | to tread, walk, path | high | — |
| per-tú- | crossing, passage, ford | high | — |
| peth₁- | to spread out, extend | high | — |
| peth₁-eyo- | to keep falling, rush down | high | — |
| peth₂-eyo- | to keep spreading, opening | high | — |
| peth₂-sko- | to begin to spread, open out | medium | — |
| peth₁-tú- | a falling, rushing toward | high | — |
| plew-d- | to flow, float, flee | high | — |
| plew-k- | to float, fly, flow | medium | — |
| plew-mn̥-₂ | a flowing, stream, flood | high | — |
| skend- | to leap, climb, spring | high | — |
| sker-₂ | to bend, turn, circle | high | — |
| skerb- | to twist, turn sharply, swerve | medium | — |
| sleyb- | to slip, be slippery | high | — |
| sleyd- | to slide, glide along a surface | high | — |
| sneh₂- | to swim, flow, bathe | medium | — |
| snew- | to flow, swim, drip | medium | — |
| srew-mn̥- | a flow, stream, current | high | — |
| srew-p- | to flow, stream, drip | high | — |
| stag- | to sway, totter, stagger | medium | — |
| stel-eyo- | to keep sending, dispatching | high | — |
| steygʰ- | to stride, march, ascend | high | — |
| steyǵʰ-mn̥- | stepped path, ascending way | high | — |
| stumb- | to stumble, trip, collide with | medium | — |
| tregʰ- | to drag, pull, draw along | high | — |
| trem- | to tremble, quake with fear | high | — |
| trem-mn̥- | a trembling, quaking | high | — |
| trep- | to turn, change | high | — |
| wegʰ-₂ | to carry, convey, move on wheels | high | — |
| wegʰ-eyo- | to keep carrying, conveying | high | — |
| wendʰ- | to turn, wander, wind along | high | — |
| werH-t- | to turn, rotate, wind | high | — |
| wert-eyo- | to keep turning, revolve | high | — |
| weyp- | to tremble, vibrate, wind | high | — |
| weyp-eyo- | to keep trembling, vibrating | high | — |
multiplication2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dwi-plo- | twofold, doubled | high | — |
| kʷetwr̥-plo- | fourfold, quadrupled | high | — |
music2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱeh₁-n-tro- | singing tool, instrument | high | — |
| sengʷ- | to sing, make an incantation | high | — |
mythological1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| derkʷ-mn̥- | a seeing, keen gaze | high | — |
mythology1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| derk-mn̥ | glance, piercing look | high | — |
narrative2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁wekʷ-mn̥ | a spoken word, a saying | medium | — |
| seh₂g-tó- | thing sought out, tracked | medium | — |
nature80 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| (s)teh₂n- | to thunder | high | — |
| angʷʰi- | eel, snake, water-serpent | medium | — |
| bʰerǵ-s- | to protect by enclosing | medium | — |
| bʰew-sis- | nature, growth, being | high | — |
| bʰew-tú- | growth, nature, coming-to-be | high | — |
| bʰleh₁- | to blow, to puff | high | — |
| bʰudʰ-men- | bottom, foundation, ground | high | — |
| deru- | tree, wood, to be firm | high | 23 |
| deru-₂ | firm, solid, steadfast (as a tree) | high | — |
| dʰeǵʰ- | to burn, to kindle | high | — |
| dhewb- | deep, hollow | high | — |
| dʰews- | to scatter, to sprinkle (dew) | medium | — |
| dʰǵʰem- | earth, ground | high | — |
| dóru | tree, wood, oak | high | — |
| gel- | cold, to freeze | high | — |
| ǵʰans- | goose | high | — |
| ǵʰel- | to shine, yellow, green | high | — |
| ǵʰey- | winter, cold, snow | high | — |
| ǵʰéy-mn̥ | winter, snow-season | high | — |
| ǵʰh₂éns | goose, waterfowl | high | — |
| gʰreh₁- | to grow, to become green | high | — |
| gʷer- | mountain, elevated terrain | medium | — |
| h₂awi-ḱh₂ep- | hawk, bird-catcher | medium | — |
| h₂eǵ-ro- | field, pasture | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-men- | stone, sharp stone | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-ro- | field, acre, open land | high | — |
| h₂eḱsmen- | stone, thunderbolt | medium | — |
| h₂ékʷeh₂ | water, flowing liquid | high | 11 |
| h₁elh₁ḗn | deer, elk, large cervid | medium | — |
| h₂enh₁- | to breathe | high | 19 |
| h₃er- | eagle, large bird | high | — |
| h₂erg- | to shine, white, silver | high | — |
| h₂erǵ- | to be white, to shine | high | — |
| h₂ew-s-r- | dawn, the dawn goddess | high | — |
| h₂éwis | bird, winged creature | high | — |
| h₂ews- | dawn, east | high | 16 |
| h₂eyd- | to burn, fire | high | — |
| h₂eyg- | goat, shame | medium | — |
| h₁eyH- | ice, frost | high | — |
| h₂ówis | sheep, domesticated ovine | high | — |
| Hreg- | to wet, to rain | medium | — |
| h₁regʷ- | darkness, night | medium | 2 |
| h₁rewǵ- | to vomit, to belch | high | — |
| h₁reyH- | to flow, to stream (river) | high | — |
| h₂ŕ̥tḱos | bear, large predator | high | — |
| h₂ster- | star, celestial body | high | 21 |
| h₂weh₁- | to blow, to breathe wind | high | — |
| h₂wéh₁n̥tos | wind, blowing | high | — |
| ḱelh₁- | to rise, to be elevated | high | — |
| ḱh₂s-en- | hare, rabbit | medium | — |
| lewk- | light, brightness | high | 25 |
| lókus | body of still water, lake | high | — |
| méh₁n̥s | moon, month | high | — |
| mélit | honey, sweet substance | high | — |
| móri | body of water, sea, lake | high | — |
| mori- | sea, body of water | high | — |
| mūs- | mouse, small rodent | high | — |
| nebʰ- | cloud, mist | high | — |
| nokʷt- | night, darkness, nighttime | high | 22 |
| péh₂wr̥ | fire, flame, burning | high | — |
| peyH- | to be fat, to swell | high | — |
| peyH-mn̥- | fatness, richness, abundance | medium | — |
| rewk- | to be bright, light | medium | — |
| saws- | dry, to dry out | medium | — |
| seh₁- | to sow, to plant | high | — |
| seh₂wl̥- | salt, mineral seasoning | high | — |
| sḗm- | summer, warm season | medium | — |
| sérpents | snake, serpent, creeping thing | high | — |
| snéygʷʰ- | snow, frozen precipitation | high | 13 |
| sóh₂wl̥ | sun, solar body | high | 28 |
| srew- | to flow, to stream | high | — |
| stork- | stork, stiff-walker | medium | — |
| wékʷ-es-pero- | evening, western | medium | — |
| werdʰ-o-₂ | rose, thorn-plant | medium | — |
| wésr̥ | spring (season) | high | — |
| wl(o)p- | fox, cunning canid | medium | — |
| wĺ̥kʷos | wolf, predatory canid | high | 23 |
| wódr̥ | water, flowing liquid | high | 25 |
| wŕ̥mis | worm, serpent | high | — |
| yēr- | year, season | high | — |
negation3 roots
number9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| déḱm̥ | ten, a decade | high | 25 |
| del- | to count, recount, tell | high | — |
| délh₁- | to recount, to count, to tell | high | — |
| h₁newn̥ | nine, the number nine | high | — |
| ḱm̥tóm | hundred, ten tens | high | 25 |
| penkʷe | five, the number five | high | — |
| sem- | one, together | high | — |
| sem-₂ | one, same, together | high | — |
| septm̥ | seven, the number seven | high | — |
numbers8 roots
nurture4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-l- | to suckle, nurse | high | — |
| h₂el-₂ | to grow, nourish, raise | high | — |
| peh₂-sk-eyo- | to keep feeding, nourishing | high | — |
| peyt- | to nourish, feed | high | — |
oath2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| lewgʰ-mn̥- | a swearing, binding oath | high | — |
| yewH-es- | law, sacred bond, oath | high | — |
object1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| kʷékʷlos | wheel, circle | high | — |
obligation1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| spendʰ-eyo- | to keep pledging, promising | high | — |
obscurity1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| nebʰ-eyo- | to keep clouding, obscuring | medium | — |
observation5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʰaws- | to gaze, observe, perceive | medium | — |
| kʷeh₁- | to observe, watch, appear | high | — |
| kʷey-d- | to observe, watch over | medium | — |
| speh₁-ḱ- | to look, observe carefully | high | — |
| speh₁-ḱ-mn̥ | that which is observed, sight | high | — |
opening3 roots
opposition2 roots
order9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂erH-mn̥- | fitted thing, harmonious arrangement | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-mn̥-₂ | rule, direction, guidance | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-mn̥-₃ | straightness, rule, correction | high | — |
| h₃reǵ-tó-₂ | made straight, guided | high | — |
| h₂reḱ- | to arrange, reckon, rule | high | — |
| sekʷ-eyo- | to keep following, pursuing | high | — |
| sekʷ-mn̥-₂ | following, that which comes after | high | — |
| sekʷ-tó- | followed, that which follows | high | — |
| ser-eyo- | to keep joining, connecting in series | high | — |
organ2 roots
origin5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵenh₁-mn̥-₂ | seed, germ, offspring | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-sis | origin, birth, creation | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-sko- | to come into being, begin to be born | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-tó- | born, begotten | high | — |
| meh₂-tér-₂ | mother, origin, source | high | — |
pain2 roots
path7 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₃ey-mn̥- | way, path, journey | high | — |
| h₁weg- | to weave, move in woven path | high | — |
| kʷer-s-mn̥ | running, course | high | — |
| pent- | to tread, walk, path | high | — |
| rewk-mn̥- | a breaking, breach, rupture | high | — |
| steyǵʰ-mn̥- | stepped path, ascending way | high | — |
| wendʰ- | to turn, wander, wind along | high | — |
pattern1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂ster-mn̥- | spreading of stars, constellation | high | — |
peace7 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| kʷey-es- | rest, peaceful state | high | — |
| kʷeyH- | to rest, be quiet, peace | high | — |
| kʷeyH-mn̥- | a resting, peace, requiem | high | — |
| peh₂-ḱ- | to fasten, make peace | high | — |
| peh₂-ḱ-eyo- | to keep fastening, making peace | high | — |
| peh₂-ḱ-s- | established peace, agreement | high | — |
| peh₂ǵ- | to fasten, fix, make firm | high | — |
people1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂lewdʰ- | to grow up, people, folk | high | — |
perception33 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| derkʷ- | to see clearly, gaze at | high | — |
| derkʷ-mn̥- | a seeing, keen gaze | high | — |
| ǵews-tó- | tasted, chosen by taste | high | — |
| gʰaw-es- | to gape at, marvel | medium | — |
| gʰaws-tó- | observed, perceived | medium | — |
| ǵneh₃- | to know, to recognise | high | 31 |
| gʷeyd-eyo- | to keep seeing, watching over | high | — |
| h₃ed-mn̥- | smell, odor | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-eyo- | to keep sharpening, making keen | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-tó-₂ | seen, having sight | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-ulo- | having eyes, relating to sight | high | — |
| h₂ekʷ- | to see, perceive | high | — |
| h₂ew- | to perceive, to hear | high | 16 |
| h₂ew-dʰ- | to perceive, be aware | high | — |
| h₂ews-dʰ- | to hear, give ear to | high | — |
| h₂ews-es- | ear, hearing organ | high | — |
| h₂eyd-s- | to be in awe, revere | medium | — |
| h₂weyd- | to see, to know (having seen) | high | — |
| kew-eyo- | to keep observing, heeding | high | — |
| ḱlew- | to hear, to listen | high | 18 |
| ḱlew-es- | fame, that which is heard | high | — |
| ḱlew-eyo- | to keep hearing, listening to | high | — |
| ḱlew-s- | to hear about, become famous | high | — |
| lewk- | light, brightness | high | 25 |
| speh₁-ḱ-yo- | to look at carefully, observe | high | — |
| speḱ-eyo- | to keep looking, observing | high | — |
| speḱ-mn̥- | a looking, appearance, vision | high | — |
| stey-mn̥- | a pricking, stimulus, mark | high | — |
| teh₂g-mn̥- | a touching, point of contact | high | — |
| tewk-eyo- | to keep touching, testing | medium | — |
| weyd- | to see, to know | high | 35 |
| weyd-eyo- | to keep seeing, oversee | high | — |
| weyd-mn̥- | form, appearance, seen thing | high | — |
performance1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱeh₁-n-tro- | singing tool, instrument | high | — |
permanence2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eyw-es-tro- | of long duration, eternal | high | — |
| sem-per- | one time through, always, ever | high | — |
persistence5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰerǵʰ-eyo- | to keep holding firm, enduring | high | — |
| dʰerǵʰ-mn̥- | firmness, hardness, endurance | high | — |
| meh₂-n-eyo- | to keep remaining, staying | high | — |
| stel-n- | placed, remaining in position, still | high | — |
| ten-eyo- | to keep holding, maintaining | high | — |
person3 roots
philosophy3 roots
physical2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂engʷʰ-es- | narrowness, tightness, distress | high | — |
| krep-es- | body, physical form | high | — |
physical_property1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷreh₂w- | to be heavy, weighty | high | — |
physical_state1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ters- | to be dry, thirst | high | — |
place4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-bʰr-eh₂ | workshop, place of making | high | — |
| h₂eǵ-ro-₃ | driving place, marketplace | high | — |
| h₁eḱwo-drom- | horse-running place | high | — |
| sed-mn̥- | a seat, settled place | high | — |
placement7 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dheH-mn̥ | that which is placed, law, custom | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-s- | to set, place (extended) | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tis | a placing, setting, position | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tis-₂ | act of placing, thesis | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tó- | placed, set, established | high | — |
| steh₂-l- | to put, place (extended with -l) | high | — |
| stel- | to put, stand, place upright | high | — |
plant15 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bheh₂ǵ-es- | beech tree, its nut | high | — |
| bʰeHg-mn̥ | beech tree (nominal) | high | — |
| bʰleh₃- | to bloom, flourish, flower | high | — |
| dheHl- | to bloom, be green | medium | — |
| dóru | tree, wood, oak | high | — |
| doru-mn̥- | beam, timber, spear-shaft | high | — |
| ǵhel-₃ | to grow, be green, vigorous | high | — |
| gʰreh₁- | to grow, to become green | high | — |
| gʰreh₁-dʰ- | to grow green, sprout | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-sti- | sharp awl, bristle | medium | — |
| h₃erbʰ-eh₂- | herb, green plant | high | — |
| h₂erd- | to rise, high, grow tall | medium | — |
| kelh₂-mo- | stalk, stem, reed | medium | — |
| werdʰ-o-₂ | rose, thorn-plant | medium | — |
| werh₃-dʰ- | root, that which grows upward | high | — |
play3 roots
pleasure3 roots
position54 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰewd-mn̥- | bottom, ground beneath water | high | — |
| dʰe- | to set down | high | — |
| dhewb- | deep, hollow | high | — |
| h₂ed | to, near, at (proximity) | high | — |
| h₁eǵʰs | out of, from within | high | — |
| h₂embʰi | around, on both sides | high | — |
| h₁en | in, into, within | high | — |
| h₂ent- | front, forehead, against | high | — |
| h₂ent-h₃eḱ- | eye-facing, before the eyes | high | — |
| h₂ent-mn̥-₂ | something that faces, the front | high | — |
| h₁enter | between, among, within | high | — |
| h₂ep- | away from, off, above | high | — |
| h₂epi | at, near, before | high | — |
| h₁epi-steh₂- | to stand upon, understand | high | — |
| h₂epo | off, away, behind | high | — |
| ḱe- | this, here (proximal deictic) | high | — |
| ḱley- | to lean, to incline | high | — |
| ḱley-ent- | leaning, one who leans toward | high | — |
| ḱley-eyo- | to keep leaning, inclining | high | — |
| ḱom | beside, with, together | high | — |
| kʷey-mn̥ | a resting, quietude | high | — |
| legh- | to lie down, to lay oneself flat | high | — |
| legʰ- | to lie down, recline | high | — |
| leyp-eyo- | to keep sticking, adhere | medium | — |
| med-mn̥- | a measure, middle, means | high | — |
| meh₂-n-eyo- | to keep remaining, staying | high | — |
| n̥dʰer- | under, below | high | — |
| n̥dʰo | in, within, inside | high | — |
| pend-eyo- | to keep weighing, hanging | high | — |
| per- | forward, through, far | high | — |
| rem- | to be still, to rest quietly | medium | — |
| sed- | to sit, to be seated | high | — |
| sed-eyo- | to keep sitting, remain settled | high | — |
| sed-mn̥ | act of sitting, a session | high | — |
| sed-mn̥- | a seat, settled place | high | — |
| seh₁-d-eyo- | to keep sitting, settling | high | — |
| seh₁-d-mn̥ | act of settling, a fixed place | high | — |
| seh₁-tl-₂ | a settled place, established dwelling | high | — |
| steh₂- | to stand, to be upright | high | 40 |
| steh₂-d- | to place firmly, to make stand | high | — |
| steh₂-l-mn̥- | a standing-place, post | high | — |
| steh₂-mn̥-₃ | something standing, an upright | high | — |
| steh₂-sko- | to begin to stand, come to a stop | medium | — |
| steh₂-tis | a standing, position | high | — |
| steh₂-tis-₂ | a standing, a condition of being | high | — |
| steh₂-tó- | stood, standing, placed | high | — |
| steh₂-tú- | standing, state, condition | high | — |
| stel-n- | placed, remaining in position, still | high | — |
| stelh₂- | to put, to place, to set up | high | — |
| steybʰ- | to be stiff, to stand firm like a post | high | — |
| terh₂- | to cross over, to pass through | high | — |
| to- | that, there (distal deictic) | high | — |
| ud- | up, out, upward | high | — |
| upo | under, up from below, over | high | — |
possession11 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʰeHbʰ- | to take, grasp (a utensil) | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-eyo- | to keep seizing, grasping | high | — |
| h₂elg-₂ | to earn, gain, merit | high | — |
| kap-eyo- | to keep seizing, take repeatedly | high | — |
| kap-yo- | to seize, take hold of | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-p- | to grasp, handle, seize | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-p-mn̥- | a taking, seizure, capture | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-p-tro- | grasping tool, handle | high | — |
| ḱeHp- | to seize, have, hold | high | — |
| keh₂p-eyo- | to keep seizing, grasping | high | — |
| ten-eyo- | to keep holding, maintaining | high | — |
posture1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵónu-bʰ- | of the knee, bent at angle | high | — |
power6 roots
precipitation1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| sneyǵʰ-mn̥- | snowfall, act of snowing | high | — |
precision2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱ-s-tó- | sharpened, honed, valued | high | — |
| pewk-eyo- | to keep pricking, puncturing | high | — |
preposition3 roots
preservation2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂erk-es-₂ | chest, container, enclosure | high | — |
| seh₂l-d- | salted, preserved | high | — |
principle1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱ-mn̥-₄ | principle, self-evident truth | high | — |
process2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerw-mn̥-₂ | boiling, fermenting mass | high | — |
| gʰrendʰ-mn̥- | ground meal, something ground | high | — |
product2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-bʰr-mn̥- | craft-work, made thing | high | — |
| werg-mn̥- | a work, made thing | high | — |
protection14 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰergh- | to protect, preserve, hide | high | — |
| gʰer-dʰ- | to enclose with words, protect | high | — |
| ǵherdʰ- | to gird, encircle, fortify | high | — |
| h₂elg- | to ward off, protect | high | — |
| h₂erk- | to hold, contain, guard | high | — |
| h₂erk-₃ | to ward off, defend | high | — |
| h₂erḱ-eyo- | to keep warding off, defending | high | — |
| h₂eyg-es- | illness, affliction | medium | — |
| h₂eyg-es-₂ | goat, goat-related | medium | — |
| kel-mn̥- | covering, helmet, concealment | high | — |
| kelp-₂ | to hold, keep safe | high | — |
| solh₂-eyo- | to make whole, save, heal | high | — |
| werh₁-mn̥- | a covering, protective barrier | high | — |
| werh₃-mn̥- | a covering, ward, protection | high | — |
provision1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| preh₂-eyo- | to give out before, provide | medium | — |
punishment2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| kʷey-₂ | to value, avenge, punish | high | — |
| pewH-n-eyo- | to keep punishing, purifying | high | — |
purification1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| lewh₃- | to wash, bathe, purify | high | — |
purity7 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱwey-mn̥- | shining, holy, white thing | medium | — |
| pewH-₂ | to purify, cleanse | high | — |
| pewH-r-eyo- | to keep purifying, cleansing | high | — |
| pewH-s- | to purify, cleanse (extended) | high | — |
| pewH-tis | act of purifying, reckoning | high | — |
| pewH-tis-₂ | cleansing, purification | high | — |
| pewH-tó- | purified, cleansed | high | — |
pursuit1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| seh₂g-₂ | to seek, search, track | high | — |
qualities35 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bel- | strong, powerful | medium | — |
| bʰerǵʰ-₂ | high, elevated | high | — |
| bʰosos | bare, naked | medium | — |
| deru-₂ | firm, solid, steadfast (as a tree) | high | — |
| dʰer- | to hold firm, to support | high | — |
| dlh₁gʰó- | long, extended | high | — |
| gʷerh₂- | to praise, to welcome, grateful | medium | — |
| gʷʰer- | warm, hot, heated | high | — |
| gʷreh₂- | heavy, weighty | high | — |
| h₂enǵʰ- | narrow, tight, to constrict | high | — |
| h₂ōḱ- | sharp, fast, swift | high | — |
| h₁weh₂- | empty, vain, abandoned | medium | — |
| h₂yuh₁en- | young, youthful | high | — |
| kart- | hard, strong | medium | — |
| keh₂w- | to burn, to be hot | high | — |
| lento- | slow, flexible, pliant | medium | — |
| leygʷʰ- | light (in weight), agile | high | — |
| meg- | big, great | high | — |
| mol-d- | soft, weak, to soften | medium | — |
| new- | new, fresh | high | — |
| piH- | fat, sap, to be fat | high | — |
| pleh₁- | to fill, full | high | — |
| pleh₂- | flat, broad, to spread | high | — |
| pr̥h₃wós | first, foremost | high | — |
| ret- | to run, to roll, round | high | — |
| saws- | dry, to dry out | medium | — |
| senh₁- | old, aged, elder | high | — |
| smeld- | to melt, smooth, soft | medium | — |
| steno- | narrow, constricted | medium | — |
| sweh₂d- | sweet, pleasant | high | — |
| tegʷ- | thick, fat | medium | — |
| ténh₂u- | thin, stretched, tender | high | — |
| weh₂k- | weak, to bend, to yield | medium | — |
| weh₁ro- | true, trustworthy | high | — |
| werh₂- | wide, broad | medium | — |
quality32 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerǵ-eyo- | to keep brightening, shining | high | — |
| deru- | tree, wood, to be firm | high | 23 |
| dʰeh₁-ḱ-ul- | easy to make, manageable | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-rm- | that which is heated, warm | high | — |
| dʰerǵʰ-mn̥- | firmness, hardness, endurance | high | — |
| gʰeHd- | to unite, join, be fitting | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-tú- | heaviness, weight, dignity | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-wó- | alive, living, vital | high | — |
| h₂éḱ- | sharp, pointed | high | 26 |
| h₂eḱ-eyo- | to keep sharpening, making keen | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-mn̥-₃ | sharp edge, keenness of mind | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-r-is- | sharp point, keen edge | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-wo- | having a sharp point, keen | high | — |
| h₁en-tero- | inner, interior | high | — |
| h₂ep-mn̥- | a fitting, adaptation | high | — |
| h₂ep-tó- | fitted, apt, suited | high | — |
| h₂eyd-ero- | upper air, bright sky | high | — |
| h₂eys- | to be in awe, to revere, to be fiery | high | — |
| h₁reudʰ- | red, ruddy, reddish | high | 20 |
| h₁su- | good, well, soon | medium | — |
| h₂weh₁-tó-₂ | blown, airy, vain | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-ú- | worth, value, strength | high | — |
| keh₃l-mn̥- | beauty, glory, radiance | high | — |
| lewk-es- | brightness, light quality | high | — |
| meǵ- | great, large | high | 25 |
| néwos | new, fresh, young | high | 32 |
| peh₂w-ro- | small, little, few | high | — |
| sem-pleh₁- | one-fold, not complex | high | — |
| stey-bʰ- | stiff, rigid, firm | high | — |
| sweh₂d-mn̥- | sweetness, pleasant taste | high | — |
| ten-ro- | stretched thin, delicate, tender | high | — |
| weh₁-ro-₂ | true, trustworthy, real | high | — |
quantity25 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dwi-plo- | twofold, doubled | high | — |
| h₂el-is- | beyond, more, enough | medium | — |
| h₂el-no- | all, entire, whole | high | — |
| h₂el-tero- | one of two, the other | high | — |
| h₂embʰo- | both, the two together | high | — |
| h₂ey-kʷo- | each one, every | medium | — |
| h₂mey- | to diminish, lessen | high | — |
| h₁oyn-ḱo- | one time, single instance | high | — |
| h₁weh₂-ḱ- | empty, void, vacant | high | — |
| kʷetwr̥-plo- | fourfold, quadrupled | high | — |
| kʷo-ti- | how much, of what amount | high | — |
| meh₂-ǵ-yo- | greater, more, to a larger degree | high | — |
| men-u- | small, reduced, diminished | high | — |
| new-tero- | neither of two, neutral | high | — |
| peh₂w-ḱo- | little, small in number | high | — |
| peh₂w-ro- | small, little, few | high | — |
| pleh₁-no- | filled up, complete | high | — |
| pleh₁-tó- | filled, full | high | — |
| plew-s- | more, excess of flow | high | — |
| polh₁-u- | much, many, abundant | high | — |
| preH- | to fill, satisfy | high | — |
| seh₁mi- | half, one of two parts | high | — |
| sem-el- | once, a single time | high | — |
| sem-pleh₁- | one-fold, not complex | high | — |
| tewH- | to swell, be strong, crowd | high | — |
reaction1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʰers-mn̥- | a bristling, horror | high | — |
reading1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| legʰ-eyo- | to keep reading, gathering | high | — |
reasoning1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂erǵ-eyo- | to keep arguing, making clear | high | — |
reduction1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂mey- | to diminish, lessen | high | — |
relation19 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰe- | to set down | high | — |
| h₂ed | to, near, at (proximity) | high | — |
| h₁eǵʰs | out of, from within | high | — |
| h₂embʰi | around, on both sides | high | — |
| h₁en | in, into, within | high | — |
| h₂ent- | front, forehead, against | high | — |
| h₁enter | between, among, within | high | — |
| h₂ep- | away from, off, above | high | — |
| h₂epi | at, near, before | high | — |
| h₂epo | off, away, behind | high | — |
| ḱe- | this, here (proximal deictic) | high | — |
| ḱom | beside, with, together | high | — |
| n̥dʰer- | under, below | high | — |
| n̥dʰo | in, within, inside | high | — |
| per- | forward, through, far | high | — |
| terh₂- | to cross over, to pass through | high | — |
| to- | that, there (distal deictic) | high | — |
| ud- | up, out, upward | high | — |
| upo | under, up from below, over | high | — |
relationship1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| sodh₂- | companion, follower | high | — |
release1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| leh₁-d- | to let, leave alone, be weary | high | — |
religion63 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeh₂-g- | to allot, to apportion fate | medium | — |
| bʰer-g- | to hide, to protect, to bury | high | — |
| bʰeyd-mn̥ | act of persuading, a trusting | high | — |
| bʰleh₁g- | to shine, to be blessed | medium | — |
| deh₂-mn̥-₃ | a dividing, a distribution | medium | — |
| deh₂-p- | to apportion a sacrificial meal | medium | — |
| deh₃-r-₂ | a gift, something given freely | high | — |
| deh₂p- | to sacrifice, to distribute (ritual meal) | medium | — |
| deh₃p- | to apportion for sacrifice, offering | medium | — |
| dem-h₂- | to build (a temple), tame/domestic | medium | — |
| dew-₂ | to worship, show reverence | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-s-mn̥ | divine law, what is laid down by gods | high | — |
| dʰeh₁s- | god, deity, the divine | high | — |
| dyew- | to shine (as divine sky), divine | high | — |
| dyu-es- | daylight, bright day | high | — |
| ǵeh₂- | to sing, to chant, to cry out | high | — |
| ǵʰew- | to pour, to offer libation | high | — |
| ǵʰew-t- | to call upon, to invoke a god | high | — |
| gʰewH- | to call, to invoke | medium | — |
| ǵʰeysd- | to be terrified, ghost/spirit | medium | — |
| gʷerH- | to favor, praise, bless | high | — |
| gʷhedʰ- | to ask, pray, bid | high | — |
| gʷhedʰ-₃ | to ask, to pray, to request | high | — |
| h₂enǵʰ-el- | a messenger, one who is sent | high | — |
| h₂enh₁m- | to breathe, soul-breath | high | — |
| h₂erk-₂ | to sing, praise | high | — |
| h₂ew-s-r- | dawn, the dawn goddess | high | — |
| h₂ey-ǵ- | to be in awe, to revere | medium | — |
| h₂ey-s- | to be in reverent fear, to worship | medium | — |
| h₂eyd-mn̥ | burning, a fire-offering | medium | — |
| h₃eyt- | to swear an oath | medium | — |
| h₁neḱ-tó- | death, the slain state | high | — |
| h₁wegʷʰ-mn̥ | a spoken thing, a vow | high | — |
| h₂wekʷ- | to speak prophetically, oracle | medium | — |
| h₁yeh₂ǵ- | to worship, revere | medium | — |
| h₂yeh₂ǵ-mn̥- | sacred thing, sacrifice | high | — |
| kayl- | whole, uninjured, holy | high | — |
| kerd- | to believe firmly, to trust as true | high | — |
| kewH- | to curse, to strike with words | medium | — |
| ḱred-dʰeh₁- | to place trust, to believe | high | — |
| kreh₁- | to grow, nourish (Ceres) | high | — |
| kreyd- | to believe, to place trust in | high | — |
| ḱwey-tó-₂ | shining, holy, bright | medium | — |
| meh₂gʰ- | to be able, to have power (magic) | high | — |
| peh₂-tó- | fed, pastured, protected | high | — |
| pent- | to tread, walk, path | high | — |
| pewH-mn̥ | cleansing, purification rite | medium | — |
| pewH-s- | to purify, cleanse (extended) | high | — |
| pewH-tl- | instrument for cleansing | medium | — |
| peyt-mn̥- | devotion, faithful duty | high | — |
| preḱ- | to ask, to pray, to entreat | high | — |
| sak- | to sanctify, to make holy | high | — |
| seh₂g- | to seek the divine, to sacrifice | medium | — |
| seh₂k- | to consecrate, to make sacred | high | — |
| seh₂k-mn̥ | that which is sacred, rite | high | — |
| seh₂k-mn̥-₂ | act of consecrating, holy rite | high | — |
| seh₂k-r- | sacred, consecrated | high | — |
| seh₂k-ro- | set apart as holy, consecrated | high | — |
| spend-₂ | to pour a libation, to promise solemnly | high | — |
| speyH- | to blow, to breathe spirit | high | — |
| swer- | to swear, to speak solemnly | high | — |
| temh₁-mn̥ | a cutting, a sacred precinct | high | — |
| wegʰ- | to pledge, to vow solemnly | medium | — |
remainder2 roots
remnant1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁leykʷ- | to leave, remain | high | — |
repetition2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂en-ew- | repeated, renewed, year-cycle | high | — |
| h₂eyd-tó-₂ | returned to, again | medium | — |
reproduction3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| seh₁-mn̥-₂ | seed, sowing | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥-₃ | sowing, seed time | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥-₄ | seed, that which is sown | high | — |
reputation3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱlew-es- | fame, that which is heard | high | — |
| ḱlew-mn̥-₃ | fame, renown, what is heard | high | — |
| ḱlew-s- | to hear about, become famous | high | — |
rest10 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰedʰ- | to dig, prepare a sleeping place | high | — |
| kweh₁-tó- | rested, quiet, still | high | — |
| kʷey-eyo- | to keep resting, quieting | high | — |
| kʷeyH- | to rest, be quiet, peace | high | — |
| kʷeyH-mn̥- | a resting, peace, requiem | high | — |
| legʰ- | to lie down, recline | high | — |
| lektro- | bed, couch, place for lying | high | — |
| sed-eyo- | to keep sitting, remain settled | high | — |
| swebʰ- | to sleep, be unconscious | high | — |
| swep-no- | sleep, state of rest | high | — |
result3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-ḱ-to- | that which is made, deed | high | — |
| h₁werg-tó- | worked, activated, energized | high | — |
| weyḱ-mn̥- | conquered, victory achieved | high | — |
rigidity4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| steh₂-r- | standing, fixed, stiff | high | — |
| sterbʰ-₂ | to become rigid, die, stiffen | high | — |
| sterbʰ-mn̥- | stiffening, dying, death-state | high | — |
| stey- | to be stiff, compressed, stone | high | — |
ritual43 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeh₂-g- | to allot, to apportion fate | medium | — |
| bʰleh₁-mn̥ | that which blows, breath | high | — |
| bʰleh₁g- | to shine, to be blessed | medium | — |
| deh₃-tis- | act of giving, offering | high | — |
| deh₂p- | to sacrifice, to distribute (ritual meal) | medium | — |
| deh₃p- | to apportion for sacrifice, offering | medium | — |
| dem-h₂- | to build (a temple), tame/domestic | medium | — |
| dyew- | to shine (as divine sky), divine | high | — |
| ǵʰew-₂ | to pour, offer libation | high | — |
| ǵhew-mn̥-₂ | pouring, libation, offering | high | — |
| ǵʰew-t- | to call upon, to invoke a god | high | — |
| gʰewH-mn̥ | that which is poured, libation | high | — |
| ǵʰeysd- | to be terrified, ghost/spirit | medium | — |
| gʰh₁ew- | to call, invoke | medium | — |
| gʷeyh₃-₂ | to sing, cry out | high | — |
| h₂enh₁m- | to breathe, soul-breath | high | — |
| h₂erk-₂ | to sing, praise | high | — |
| h₂erk-eyo-₂ | to keep enclosing, exercising | high | — |
| h₁wegʷʰ- | to speak solemnly, vow | high | — |
| h₂wekʷ- | to speak prophetically, oracle | medium | — |
| h₂yeh₂ǵ-mn̥- | sacred thing, sacrifice | high | — |
| kayl- | whole, uninjured, holy | high | — |
| ḱred-dʰeh₁- | to place trust, to believe | high | — |
| kremH- | to burn, smolder | high | — |
| kremH-mn̥ | burning, cremation | high | — |
| kʷer- | to make, form, create | high | — |
| kʷer-mn̥ | that which is done, deed | high | — |
| leyh₂- | to pour, to flow, to offer a libation | high | — |
| meh₂gʰ- | to be able, to have power (magic) | high | — |
| pewH-r-eyo- | to keep purifying, cleansing | high | — |
| sak- | to sanctify, to make holy | high | — |
| seh₂g- | to seek the divine, to sacrifice | medium | — |
| seh₂k- | to consecrate, to make sacred | high | — |
| seh₂k-mn̥ | that which is sacred, rite | high | — |
| seh₂k-r- | sacred, consecrated | high | — |
| sengʷ- | to sing, make an incantation | high | — |
| sengʷʰ-mn̥- | sung thing, incantation | high | — |
| spend- | to pour a libation, to make a treaty | high | 17 |
| spendʰ- | to pour a libation, pledge solemnly | high | — |
| spendʰ-mn̥- | a pledging, solemn promise | high | — |
| speyH- | to blow, to breathe spirit | high | — |
| swer- | to swear, to speak solemnly | high | — |
| wegʰ- | to pledge, to vow solemnly | medium | — |
rotation9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱ-s-mn̥-₂ | an axis, pivot, hub | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-eyo- | to keep rolling, revolve | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-tó- | rolled, turned over | high | — |
| kʷerp- | to turn, move around | high | — |
| terkʷ- | to twist, turn, wind | high | — |
| werH-mn̥ | that which turns, verse | high | — |
| werH-t- | to turn, rotate, wind | high | — |
| wert-eyo- | to keep turning, revolve | high | — |
| wert-mn̥ | that which turns, joint | high | — |
sacred6 roots
safety1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| sek-uro- | free from care, safe | high | — |
science3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵhew-mn̥-₂ | pouring, libation, offering | high | — |
| h₁ey-mn̥- | a going, wandering particle | high | — |
| h₁eyH-mn̥- | a going, journey, track | high | — |
search4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| kʷeh₁- | to observe, watch, appear | high | — |
| seh₂g-₂ | to seek, search, track | high | — |
| seh₂g-eyo- | to keep seeking, tracking | high | — |
| seh₂g-mn̥ | that which is sought, trail | high | — |
season5 roots
secrecy1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂erǵ-₃ | to close, shut, confine | high | — |
security1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱleh₁-wo- | bolt, lock, key | high | — |
selection2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂leg-eyo- | to keep collecting, choosing by law | high | — |
| leǵ-eyo- | to keep gathering, choosing, reading | high | — |
sending1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| stel- | to put, stand, place upright | high | — |
sensation6 roots
sense1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₃ed- | to smell, stink | high | — |
senses9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰewdʰ- | to be aware, to awaken | high | — |
| bʰreh₁g- | to smell, to breathe | high | — |
| ǵerh₂- | to cry out, to call | high | — |
| ǵew- | to taste, to enjoy | medium | — |
| gʰews- | to taste, to try | high | — |
| h₃ekʷ- | to see, eye | high | — |
| h₂ḱew- | to perceive, to hear | high | — |
| h₁wep- | to call out, to weep | medium | — |
| speḱ- | to look, to observe | high | — |
separation9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂epo-steh₂- | to stand away from, rebel | high | — |
| h₃erp- | to turn, change sides | high | — |
| h₁weydʰ-mn̥- | separation, division, widowhood | high | — |
| h₂widʰ- | to separate, divide | high | — |
| krey-h₂- | to sift, separate, judge | high | — |
| krey-mn̥ | that which separates, judgment | high | — |
| ḱrey-sis- | act of separating, judgment | high | — |
| skey-d- | to split, divide, separate | high | — |
| weyh₁-sko- | to begin to separate, wither | medium | — |
sequence1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eyr- | early, at the start of the day | high | — |
service1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂enḱ-mn̥- | a bending, service | medium | — |
settlement2 roots
shame1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eyd-os- | burning shame, respect | medium | — |
shape18 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeyǵʰ-mn̥ | that which is shaped, figure | high | — |
| h₂eng- | to bend, angle | high | — |
| h₂enk- | to bend, hook | high | — |
| h₂enk-eyo- | to keep bending, hooking | high | — |
| h₂enk-ulo- | bent, hooked, angled | high | — |
| h₂erk-es- | bow, curved weapon | high | — |
| h₂eyg-mn̥- | pointed thing, stinger | high | — |
| h₃orbʰ-it- | circular path, track | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-mn̥- | a rolling, thing that turns | high | — |
| kew-es- | a hollowing, cave-making | high | — |
| kew-mn̥- | a hollow, cavity, enclosure | high | — |
| ḱewH-mn̥- | a swelling, hollow | high | — |
| kreHp-₂ | to shrivel, crisp, crinkle | medium | — |
| kʷekʷlo-₂ | turning thing, wheel, cycle | high | — |
| kʷékʷlos | wheel, circle | high | — |
| pleh₂-tú- | breadth, width, flat expanse | high | — |
| pleth₂- | to spread out flat | high | — |
| sker-₂ | to bend, turn, circle | high | — |
sharpness15 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₃eḱ- | to be swift, sharp | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-men-₂ | sharpness, point of stone | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-men-₃ | stone tool, sharp implement | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-mn̥-₂ | edge, blade, sharp line | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-r- | sharp point, summit | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s- | to sharpen (extended with -s) | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-mn̥ | sharp edge, axle | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-sti- | sharp awl, bristle | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-u- | swift, quick, sharp | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-weh₂ | sharp water, flowing water | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-wo- | having a sharp point, keen | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-yó- | sharp, bitter, acid | high | — |
| pewk- | to prick, sting | high | — |
| pewk-mn̥ | that which pricks, point | high | — |
| skerbʰ-mn̥ | that which scratches, mark | high | — |
shelter2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰergh- | to protect, preserve, hide | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-s-eh₂ | dwelling, hut, cottage | high | — |
sign1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵneh₃-mn̥-₂ | a mark of knowing, sign | high | — |
signal1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰewk- | to shine, gleam | medium | — |
size4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| meǵ- | great, large | high | 25 |
| men-s-mn̥- | measured thing, dimension | high | — |
| men-u- | small, reduced, diminished | high | — |
| peh₂w-ḱo- | little, small in number | high | — |
skill6 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱ-men-₄ | understanding, reasoning | medium | — |
| h₂erh₁- | to fit together, join | high | — |
| h₂erH-eyo- | to keep fitting together, reasoning | high | — |
| h₂erH-tó- | fitted, joined, harmonious | high | — |
| teh₁ḱ-mn̥-₂ | a joining, fitted structure | high | — |
| teks-neh₂ | skill in weaving, craftsmanship | high | — |
sky4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eyd-ero- | upper air, bright sky | high | — |
| h₃nebʰ- | cloud, mist, sky | high | — |
| nebʰ-₂ | damp cloud, fog, mist | high | — |
| sew-d- | to move, to go southward | medium | — |
smell3 roots
smoke2 roots
smoothness1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gleyd- | to move smoothly, glide | medium | — |
society60 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerǵ-es- | protection, a guarantee | medium | — |
| bʰerǵ-mn̥-₂ | something protected, a pledge | medium | — |
| bʰeyd-mn̥ | act of persuading, a trusting | high | — |
| bʰorgʰ- | fortified high place, stronghold | high | — |
| dem-mn̥ | household, built dwelling | high | — |
| dewk- | to pull, to lead by pulling | high | — |
| dews- | to lack, to be in need | medium | — |
| dʰeh₁-bʰr-₂ | a craftsman workshop, a smith | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-mn̥-ǵ- | a law, customary practice | medium | — |
| dʰer-mn̥-₂ | a holding, something firmly fixed | high | — |
| ǵenh₁-es- | race, stock, family line | high | — |
| gʰabʰ- | to give or receive | high | — |
| gʰostis | stranger who is treated as guest or enemy | high | — |
| gʷenh₂-mn̥ | woman, female person | high | — |
| gʷerh₂-₃ | to welcome, to show favor | high | — |
| gʷerH-d- | to prize, to praise highly | medium | — |
| h₃ep-es- | work, productive labor | high | — |
| h₃ep-n- | riches, abundance | high | — |
| h₃erbʰ-es- | an orphan, one bereft of heritage | high | — |
| h₂erH-d- | to fit together, to join properly | high | — |
| h₂erk-₄ | to hold, to contain, to guard | high | — |
| h₂ew-g-₂ | to increase, to grow in strength | high | — |
| h₂ewg-es- | growth, increase of power | high | — |
| h₂ewg-mn̥-₂ | act of growing, increase | high | — |
| h₁ey-tl- | means of going, pathway | high | — |
| h₂eyd-s-₂ | to honor, to revere | medium | — |
| h₂eyḱ- | to possess, to be master of | high | — |
| h₂eyḱ-mn̥ | possession, property owned | medium | — |
| h₂ner-mn̥ | manly strength, vital force | high | — |
| h₂reǵ- | to straighten, to direct, to rule | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-d- | to exercise power, to command | high | — |
| kap-mn̥ | act of grasping, a handle | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-p-₂ | to seize, to take into custody | high | — |
| keh₃l-₂ | to call out, to summon | high | — |
| keh₂ro- | beloved, dear one | high | — |
| kelh₁-s- | to be prominent, to tower | medium | — |
| ḱerd-mn̥-₂ | heartfelt feeling, mercy | medium | — |
| ḱerp-es- | body form, physical shape | high | — |
| ḱewH-ro- | swollen, powerful, heroic | medium | — |
| ḱlewd- | to hear tell of, to be famous | high | — |
| ḱóyno- | shared, common | medium | — |
| kreyd- | to believe, to place trust in | high | — |
| kʷelh₁-mn̥ | a turning, a cycle | high | — |
| legh-mn̥ | something laid down, a rule | high | — |
| lewdʰ-₂ | to grow, to mount up | high | — |
| leyǵ-₂ | to bind, to tie together in alliance | high | — |
| neh₁-mn̥ | an apportioned thing, a custom | high | — |
| peh₂-ḱ-mn̥ | act of fastening, an agreement | high | — |
| peh₂-mn̥-₂ | act of feeding, nourishment | high | — |
| peh₂-s-mn̥ | act of protecting, a shelter for animals | high | — |
| peh₂ḱ- | to fasten, to join in peace | high | — |
| sew-bʰ- | one's own, of the self | high | — |
| steh₂-bʰ-₂ | to prop up, to support | high | — |
| steh₂-tis-₂ | a standing, a condition of being | high | — |
| terp-₃ | to be satiated, to enjoy fully | medium | — |
| tewt- | tribe, people, community | high | — |
| treh₂w- | to trust, to be faithful | high | — |
| wes-no- | a purchase price, value in exchange | high | — |
| weyḱ-₂ | settlement, clan dwelling | high | — |
| weyḱ-mn̥ | a household, settlement unit | high | — |
sound38 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| (s)teh₂n- | to thunder | high | — |
| (s)tenh₂- | to crash, to thunder | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-k- | to cry out, to bleat | medium | — |
| bʰleh₁-s- | to blow, to blast | high | — |
| bʰormo- | to buzz, murmur, drone | medium | — |
| bʰrem- | to hum, to buzz, to make a low sound | medium | — |
| ǵeh₂- | to sing, to chant, to cry out | high | — |
| gerh₂-₂ | to cry, call out | high | — |
| gerH- | to cry out hoarsely, to call like a crane | high | — |
| ǵerH- | to cry out, call | high | — |
| ǵheh₁-bʰ- | to yawn open, to gape | high | — |
| ǵhel-₂ | to call, cry, shout | high | — |
| gʰel-mn̥ | a cry, a calling out | medium | — |
| ǵhel-mn̥ | a calling, a yelling out | medium | — |
| gʰrem- | to be angry, thunder, roar | high | — |
| gʰrendʰ-eyo- | to keep grinding, grating | high | — |
| ǵhwer- | to sound, resound | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-₂ | to sing, cry out | high | — |
| h₂ew-dʰ-es- | perception by ear, an audience | high | — |
| h₂ew-dʰ-mn̥ | hearing, the act of perceiving sound | high | — |
| h₁wekʷ-es- | voice, spoken word | high | — |
| ḱeh₁-n- | to sing, chant, intone | high | — |
| kelh₁-d- | to strike so as to ring, to resound | medium | — |
| ḱenk-mn̥ | something hung, a singing | medium | — |
| ḱerh₂-mn̥-₂ | horn instrument, trumpet call | medium | — |
| kewh₂s- | to cough, to expel air violently | medium | — |
| ḱlew-mn̥-₂ | that which is called, a summons | high | — |
| kleyH- | to ring out, to resound | high | — |
| krek- | to make a sharp sound, to crack | high | — |
| kʷeHs- | to gasp, to pant, to wheeze | medium | — |
| ḱwey- | to hiss, whistle | medium | — |
| mur- | to murmur, to mutter softly | medium | — |
| pleh₁-dʰ- | to clap, to strike flat | high | — |
| pstew- | to sneeze, to expel through the nose | medium | — |
| rewH- | to roar, to bellow loudly | high | — |
| sengʷʰ-mn̥- | sung thing, incantation | high | — |
| swer-₂ | to buzz, to hum, to swarm | medium | — |
| sweys- | to hiss, to whistle through air | medium | — |
space9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵheh₂- | to gape, yawn, open wide | high | — |
| ǵheh₂-w- | to gape, be wide open (extended) | high | — |
| h₂erk-mn̥- | an enclosure, contained space | high | — |
| h₂ew-mn̥-₂ | a breathing, air current | medium | — |
| kelh₁-eyo- | to keep hiding, concealing | high | — |
| ḱew-H- | to swell, be powerful | high | — |
| kew-mn̥- | a hollow, cavity, enclosure | high | — |
| ḱewH-mn̥- | a swelling, hollow | high | — |
| pleh₂-tú- | breadth, width, flat expanse | high | — |
spatial24 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰewb-₂ | to be deep, hollow | high | — |
| dʰewb-mn̥ | depth, deep place | high | — |
| h₂embʰ- | on both sides, around | high | — |
| h₂embʰ-i- | around, about (locative) | high | — |
| h₁en-dʰo | into, within | high | — |
| h₁en-tero- | inner, interior | high | — |
| h₂eng- | to bend, angle | high | — |
| h₂enh₁-t- | front, forehead | high | — |
| h₂ent-r- | interior, inner part | high | — |
| h₁epi | upon, at, near | high | — |
| h₁epi-₂ | upon, over, afterwards | medium | — |
| h₁ewt- | out, away from | high | — |
| h₂ster-n- | to spread, strew out | high | — |
| ḱley-mn̥ | that which sticks, slope | high | — |
| leyH-₂ | to lean, incline | high | — |
| peth₁- | to spread out, extend | high | — |
| pleh₂-t- | to spread, flatten (extended) | high | — |
| pleth₂- | to spread out flat | high | — |
| prey | before, in front of | high | — |
| pro- | forward, for, before | high | — |
| skend- | to leap, climb, spring | high | — |
| sterh₃- | to spread, strew, lay flat | high | — |
| streH- | to stretch, extend | high | — |
| uper | over, above, beyond | high | — |
spectacle1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰleh₁-g-mn̥- | a flame, blaze | high | — |
speech21 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeh₁-mn̥ | utterance, speech | high | — |
| del- | to count, recount, tell | high | — |
| deyḱ-₂ | to show, point out, pronounce solemnly | high | — |
| gerh₂-₂ | to cry, call out | high | — |
| ǵhel-₂ | to call, cry, shout | high | — |
| gʰh₁ew- | to call, invoke | medium | — |
| ǵhwer- | to sound, resound | high | — |
| gʷerh₂-₂ | to cry out, call aloud | high | — |
| gʷerh₂-mn̥ | speech, complaint | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-₂ | to sing, cry out | high | — |
| gʷhedʰ- | to ask, pray, bid | high | — |
| h₂erk-₂ | to sing, praise | high | — |
| h₁wegʷʰ- | to speak solemnly, vow | high | — |
| h₁wekʷ- | to speak, say | high | — |
| ḱwey- | to hiss, whistle | medium | — |
| lewgʰ- | to swear, lie, break oath | high | — |
| sengʷ- | to sing, make an incantation | high | — |
| wekʷ-₂ | to speak, tell, voice | high | — |
| werh₃-₂ | to speak, say | high | — |
| werH-mn̥ | that which turns, verse | high | — |
| werHd- | to speak, say formally | high | — |
speed9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dreh₂- | to run, to move quickly | high | — |
| h₃eḱ- | to be swift, sharp | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-mn̥ | swift motion, eye | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-u- | swift, quick, sharp | high | — |
| h₃eyH-s- | to go quickly, rush | medium | — |
| h₁rewsH- | to move violently, rush | medium | — |
| kelh₁-₂ | to drive, set in motion | high | — |
| kʷer-s- | to run, course | high | — |
| kʷer-s-eyo- | to keep running, racing | high | — |
spirit9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| deh₂-mn̥ | portion, share, lot | high | — |
| gʰaws-tó- | observed, perceived | medium | — |
| ǵʰeysd-₂ | to be angry, aggressive | medium | — |
| gʰeysd-mn̥- | fury, violent passion | high | — |
| h₂enh₂-₂ | to breathe, spirit (nominal) | high | — |
| h₂enh₁-m-eh₂ | breath, soul, life-breath | high | — |
| h₂ent-mn̥ | breath, spirit, self | high | — |
| h₂ew-mn̥ | vital breath, soul | high | — |
| speyH-mn̥- | breath, exhalation, spirit | high | — |
stability3 roots
stasis5 roots
state20 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerH-tó-₂ | carried, borne, endured | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-d- | heavy, weighty, pregnant | high | — |
| gʷeyh₃-teh₂ | life force, living state | high | — |
| h₂enh₁- | to breathe | high | 19 |
| h₁es- | to be, to exist | high | 29 |
| h₁es-₂ | to be, exist (copula) | high | — |
| h₁es-eyo- | to keep being, persisting | high | — |
| h₁ger-mn̥- | a waking, rousing | medium | — |
| kweh₁-tó- | rested, quiet, still | high | — |
| kʷey-es- | rest, peaceful state | high | — |
| kʷey-eyo- | to keep resting, quieting | high | — |
| leykʷ- | to leave, to remain | high | 17 |
| pewH-tis-₂ | cleansing, purification | high | — |
| seh₁-d-eyo- | to keep sitting, settling | high | — |
| sek-uro- | free from care, safe | high | — |
| steh₂- | to stand, to be upright | high | 40 |
| steh₂-sko- | to begin to stand, come to a stop | medium | — |
| swep-no- | sleep, state of rest | high | — |
| swépnos | sleep, dream | high | 18 |
| terp-eyo- | to satisfy, delight, turn toward | high | — |
status1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵneh₃-tl- | of noble birth, well-known | high | — |
stealth3 roots
strength7 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂ner-mn̥- | manliness, vigor, strength | high | — |
| h₂ner-t- | manly, vigorous | high | — |
| h₂welh₂- | to be strong, to prevail | high | — |
| h₂welh₂-tó- | strong, powerful | high | — |
| karh₂-tó- | hard, strong, resistant | high | — |
| steh₂-mn̥-₂ | standing upright, post | high | — |
| tewg- | to be strong, firm, tough | medium | — |
structure10 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dew-k-mn̥ | that which leads, duct | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-mn̥-₂ | an axis, pivot, hub | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-yó- | worthy, of great value | high | — |
| pleḱ-eyo- | to keep folding, weaving | high | — |
| pleḱ-s- | woven, folded, layered | high | — |
| pleḱ-tó- | woven, plaited | high | — |
| steh₂-l-mn̥- | a standing-place, post | high | — |
| steh₂-mn̥ | that which stands, pillar | high | — |
| steh₂-mn̥-₂ | standing upright, post | high | — |
| stelh₂- | to put, to place, to set up | high | — |
structures11 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerǵʰ- | to hide, to protect, to fortify | high | — |
| bʰerǵʰ-₂ | high, elevated | high | — |
| bʰerh₂- | to bore, to pierce, to well up | high | — |
| bʰudʰ-men- | bottom, foundation, ground | high | — |
| dʰer- | to hold firm, to support | high | — |
| gʰerdʰ- | to enclose, to gird, yard, garden | high | — |
| pṓnts | bridge, path, way | high | — |
| steh₂-bʰ- | post, pillar, to prop up | medium | — |
| teg- | to cover, roof, thatch | high | — |
| wel- | to turn, to wind, to enclose | medium | — |
| wógh-no- | wall, fence | medium | — |
substance1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| médʰu | honey, mead, sweet drink | high | — |
suffering5 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷelh₁-mn̥- | a piercing, pain, torment | high | — |
| ḱam- | toil, be weary, suffer | medium | — |
| peth₁-neh₂ | pain, suffering, endurance | high | — |
| pleh₁-ḱ-mn̥- | a blow, striking | high | — |
| werḱ-mn̥- | wringing, pain, punishment | high | — |
sufficiency2 roots
supernatural1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁s- | god, deity, the divine | high | — |
support2 roots
surface10 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| pelh₁-mn̥- | ground, floor, flat earth | high | — |
| pleh₂-eyo- | to keep spreading flat | high | — |
| sleyb- | to slip, be slippery | high | — |
| sleyd- | to slide, glide along a surface | high | — |
| smeh₂-dʰ- | to rub smooth, smear | high | — |
| ster-neh₂- | to spread flat, lay out | high | — |
| sterh₃-mn̥- | a scattering, strewing | medium | — |
| sterH-mn̥- | a spreading, flat expanse | high | — |
| streH-tó- | spread out, stretched, layered | high | — |
| strew-eyo- | to keep spreading, laying out | high | — |
sustenance4 roots
swelling4 roots
taste10 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵews- | to taste, try, choose | high | — |
| ǵews-tó- | tasted, chosen by taste | high | — |
| gʰel-n- | gall, bile, bitter | high | — |
| gʷes- | to quench thirst, taste | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-es-tó- | sharp-cut, vinegary | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s- | to sharpen (extended with -s) | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-yó- | sharp, bitter, acid | high | — |
| seh₂l- | salt, sea water | high | — |
| sweh₂d-₂ | to be sweet, pleasant | high | — |
| sweh₂d-mn̥- | sweetness, pleasant taste | high | — |
teaching1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| deh₁-ḱ- | to teach, show, cause to accept | high | — |
technology4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱs- | axle, axis | high | — |
| h₂eyos-₂ | copper, bronze metal | medium | — |
| kʷel-mn̥ | that which revolves, wheel | high | — |
| neh₂-w-mn̥ | ship, vessel | high | — |
temperature13 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerw-mn̥-₂ | boiling, fermenting mass | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-rm- | that which is heated, warm | high | — |
| gʰer-mn̥-₂ | warmth, heat (nominal) | high | — |
| gʰerH-mn̥ | a warm thing, heated substance | high | — |
| gʷerH-mn̥ | warmth, heated state | high | — |
| gʷerH-tl- | means of warming, a furnace | medium | — |
| gʷher-₂ | to be warm, hot | high | — |
| gʷher-eyo- | to keep warming, heating | high | — |
| gʷher-mn̥- | warm thing, heated substance | high | — |
| meldʰ-₂ | to be soft, yield to pressure | high | — |
| pres- | to freeze, burn with cold | high | — |
| prews- | to freeze, to burn with cold | high | — |
| tep- | to be warm, to make lukewarm | medium | — |
temporal1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁epi-₂ | upon, over, afterwards | medium | — |
textile17 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁ew-mn̥ | a putting on, wearing of clothes | medium | — |
| h₁weg- | to weave, move in woven path | high | — |
| pewk-₃ | to be hairy, to grow wool | medium | — |
| plek-₂ | to plait, weave (variant) | high | — |
| pleḱ- | to plait, weave, fold | high | — |
| pleḱ-mn̥ | something braided, wickerwork | medium | — |
| pleḱ-tó- | woven, plaited | high | — |
| pleyḱ- | to tear, pluck | high | — |
| sew-mn̥ | that which is sewn, seam | high | — |
| sew-mn̥-₂ | act of stitching, the sewn thing | high | — |
| sewh₁- | to sew, to stitch | high | — |
| sneh₁-tl- | instrument for spinning, thread | medium | — |
| teks- | to fashion, to weave | high | — |
| webʰ- | to weave, to braid | high | — |
| webʰ-₂ | to weave, to move back and forth on a loom | high | — |
| webʰ-mn̥ | that which is woven, fabric | high | — |
| wes- | to clothe, to put on garments | high | — |
texture24 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰreg-₂ | to break apart, be brittle | high | — |
| gʰer-s-eyo- | to keep bristling, being rough | medium | — |
| gʰers- | to bristle, be rough, stubble | high | — |
| gley- | to stick, adhere, be slimy | high | — |
| gʷʰer-s- | to bristle, be rough | high | — |
| gʷremH- | to be moist, damp, soggy | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-r-is- | sharp point, keen edge | high | — |
| hrewh₁- | to tear up, make rough | high | — |
| karh₂-tó- | hard, strong, resistant | high | — |
| ḱeh₁-smen- | gray, ash-colored | medium | — |
| keh₃l- | to be hard, callous | medium | — |
| ḱerh₃-tó- | mixed, blended together | high | — |
| kreHp-₂ | to shrivel, crisp, crinkle | medium | — |
| krewp- | to form a crust, coagulate | medium | — |
| krewp-mn̥-₂ | a crusting, outer shell | high | — |
| leyH-n- | smooth fabric, linen-like | high | — |
| meldʰ-₂ | to be soft, yield to pressure | high | — |
| pleḱ-s- | woven, folded, layered | high | — |
| plew-k-mn̥- | feathery, downy, fluffy | high | — |
| smeh₂-dʰ- | to rub smooth, smear | high | — |
| stey-bʰ- | stiff, rigid, firm | high | — |
| ten-ro- | stretched thin, delicate, tender | high | — |
| tenkʷ- | to become thick, dense, firm | medium | — |
| tewg- | to be strong, firm, tough | medium | — |
thought1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰeh₁-mn̥-₅ | theme, that which is placed | high | — |
throwing1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷel-₂ | to throw, cast | high | — |
time79 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰew-tó- | that which has grown, become | high | — |
| deh₂- | to divide, share | high | — |
| deh₂-mn̥-₂ | a portion of time, division | high | — |
| dʰegʷʰ- | to burn, be warm | high | — |
| dʰeh₁-tú- | established time, appointed date | high | — |
| dʰerǵʰ-eyo- | to keep holding firm, enduring | high | — |
| dʰǵʰyes- | yesterday, the previous day | high | — |
| dyu-es- | daylight, bright day | high | — |
| dyu-n- | day, daytime period | high | — |
| gerh₂- | to grow old, to mature | high | — |
| ǵerh₂-mn̥ | old age, the aging process | high | — |
| ǵerH-mn̥- | old age, senescence | high | — |
| ǵerh₂-s- | to grow old, to wither | high | — |
| ǵerh₂-tó- | grown old, aged | high | — |
| ǵʰéy-mn̥ | winter, snow-season | high | — |
| ǵʰeymen- | winter, cold season | high | — |
| h₂ekʷ-mn̥ | something following, a consequence | high | — |
| h₂en-ew- | repeated, renewed, year-cycle | high | — |
| h₂en-ti-kʷo- | from before, ancient | high | — |
| h₂ent-h₃eḱ- | eye-facing, before the eyes | high | — |
| h₂ent-mn̥-₂ | something that faces, the front | high | — |
| h₁epi-gʷem- | to come upon, arrive at | high | — |
| h₂ew-r- | dawn light, early morning | high | — |
| h₂ew-s-mn̥ | the early light, dawn | high | — |
| h₂ew-s-mn̥- | dawn, morning light | high | — |
| h₂ew-s-r- | dawn, the dawn goddess | high | — |
| h₂ews- | dawn, east | high | 16 |
| h₂ews-r- | dawn, morning | high | — |
| h₂ey-w- | vital force, life, eternity | high | — |
| h₂ey-w-mn̥- | age, lifetime, eternal period | high | — |
| h₂eyd-tó-₂ | returned to, again | medium | — |
| h₂eyr- | early, at the start of the day | high | — |
| h₂eyw- | to live a long time, to have vital force | high | — |
| h₂eyw-es- | for the whole age, always | high | — |
| h₂eyw-es-tro- | of long duration, eternal | high | — |
| h₂eyw-om | lifetime, age, long duration | high | — |
| h₁oyn-ḱo- | one time, single instance | high | — |
| h₁regʷ- | darkness, night | medium | 2 |
| h₁su- | good, well, soon | medium | — |
| h₂weHs-r- | spring season, the verdant time | high | — |
| h₂wes- | to shine, dawn | high | — |
| h₂wes-r- | spring, vernal season | high | — |
| h₂yew-n- | vital force, youthful vigor | high | — |
| h₂yu-gʷ-es- | youthful period, age of vigor | high | — |
| ḱeh₁-ro- | grey, old and grey-haired | medium | — |
| ḱeh₂d-mn̥ | something that befalls, lot or fate | high | — |
| krep-es-₂ | evening, twilight, dusk | medium | — |
| kweh₁-tó- | rested, quiet, still | high | — |
| meh₁-nes- | moon, month, monthly cycle | high | — |
| meh₁-ns-tro- | monthly measurement, lunar cycle | high | — |
| meh₁-s- | to measure out (extended) | high | — |
| méh₁n̥s | moon, month | high | — |
| men-s- | to measure (monthly), moon | high | — |
| ne-h₁ey- | not ever, at no time | high | — |
| new- | new, fresh | high | — |
| néwos | new, fresh, young | high | 32 |
| nokʷt- | night, darkness, nighttime | high | 22 |
| nokʷt-s | night (extended) | high | — |
| prey | before, in front of | high | — |
| sed-elo- | sitting long, lingering, late | medium | — |
| seh₁-d- | to sow, plant (extended) | high | — |
| seh₁-ḱ-lo- | cycle, recurring age | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥-₃ | sowing, seed time | high | — |
| seh₁-mn̥-₅ | the act of sowing, planting season | high | — |
| seh₁-tó- | sown, planted | high | — |
| sekʷ-mn̥-₂ | following, that which comes after | high | — |
| sḗm- | summer, warm season | medium | — |
| sem-el- | once, a single time | high | — |
| sem-per- | one time through, always, ever | high | — |
| senh₁- | old, aged, elder | high | — |
| senh₁-eḱ- | old, aged, venerable | high | — |
| stel-n- | placed, remaining in position, still | high | — |
| temh₁-es- | period of heat/dark, time segment | high | — |
| temh₁-s- | darkness, the dark time | medium | — |
| wékʷ-es-pero- | evening, western | medium | — |
| wesp- | evening, west | high | — |
| wésr̥ | spring (season) | high | — |
| yeh₁-r- | year, annual cycle, season | high | — |
| yēr- | year, season | high | — |
tool41 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰer-d- | to cut with a sharp edge, to shave | high | — |
| bʰerh₃- | to bore, to pierce through | high | — |
| bʰeyh₂- | to strike, to cut | high | — |
| ǵembʰ- | to bite, tooth, comb | high | — |
| ǵombʰ- | tooth, row of teeth, to bite | medium | — |
| gʷher-mn̥- | warm thing, heated substance | high | — |
| h₂éḱ- | sharp, pointed | high | 26 |
| h₂eḱ-es- | spike of grain, pointed ear of wheat | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-meh₂- | anvil, striking surface | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-men-₃ | stone tool, sharp implement | medium | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-lo- | axle, turning rod | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-mn̥- | a sharpening, edge, axis | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-sti- | sharp awl, bristle | medium | — |
| h₂enk-₂ | to bend, to form a hook or angle | high | — |
| h₂enk-tro- | hooking device, anchor | high | — |
| h₂erH-tl- | plough, tilling tool | high | — |
| h₂erh₃-tro- | plowing instrument | high | — |
| h₂eyg-mn̥- | pointed thing, stinger | high | — |
| h₂ḱew-mn̥- | sharpened thing, stone tool | high | — |
| h₂melh₂-mn̥ | act of grinding, a mill | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-p-tro- | grasping tool, handle | high | — |
| ḱeh₂-yd- | to cut, to strike down | high | — |
| ḱeh₂k- | to be able, help, enable | medium | — |
| kelh₂-d- | to strike, to hew with a tool | medium | — |
| kes-₂ | to scratch, comb | medium | — |
| kleh₂w- | to hook, to fasten with a clasp | high | — |
| kʷekʷlo-₂ | turning thing, wheel, cycle | high | — |
| lewk-mn̥-₂ | a light, lamp, illumination | high | — |
| lewk-tro- | light-bearing, lamp | high | — |
| meh₁-tl- | instrument for cutting, middle point | high | — |
| meld-eyo- | to keep grinding, milling | high | — |
| meld-mn̥- | a grinding, milled substance | high | — |
| men-tro- | instrument of thought, counselor | high | — |
| pewg-mn̥ | a pricking, pointed action | high | — |
| pewH-tro- | instrument for cutting, pruning tool | medium | — |
| pewk-tro- | stabbing tool, pointed instrument | high | — |
| sew-tl- | instrument for sewing, needle or awl | medium | — |
| sḱeh₂- | to cut, to separate with a blade | medium | — |
| sḱel- | to cut, to split apart | high | — |
| skey-d-tro- | splitting tool, thing that divides | high | — |
| terkʷ-₂ | to twist, to turn repeatedly | high | — |
tools17 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰerh₂- | to bore, to pierce, to well up | high | — |
| bʰewgʰ- | to bend (a bow) | high | — |
| bʰeyd- | to split, to cleave (blade) | high | — |
| h₂egʷs-ih₂ | axe, chopping tool | high | — |
| h₂enh₁-dʰ- | to strike on (an anvil) | medium | — |
| h₂erkʷ- | to bend, to form an arrow/bow | high | — |
| h₂eyos | metal, copper/bronze | high | — |
| h₂melh₂- | to crush, to grind (with a hammer) | high | — |
| keg- | to catch, to hook | medium | — |
| klew-b- | to strike with a club, lump | medium | — |
| kneyH- | to scrape, to cut with a knife | medium | — |
| ḱpey- | sharp point, spear | medium | — |
| ned- | to bind, to knot (a net) | high | — |
| neh₁- | to spin, to sew with a needle | high | — |
| swerd- | to cut, sword | medium | — |
| werḱ- | to work, to do, to make | high | — |
| yugóm | yoke, to join | high | — |
totality1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂el-no- | all, entire, whole | high | — |
trade1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| seh₂l-mn̥- | salt, seasoning, preservation | high | — |
transfer2 roots
transformation1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰer-mn̥ | that which bears/carries | high | — |
transport15 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰer-eyo- | to carry repeatedly, bear habitually | high | — |
| bʰerH-mn̥-₂ | a bearing, carrying, burden | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-lo- | axle, turning rod | high | — |
| h₁eḱ-wo- | swift-moving, the horse | high | — |
| h₁éḱwos | horse, equine animal | high | 24 |
| h₁reydʰ- | to ride, to move while mounted | high | — |
| h₃reydʰ- | to ride, to travel, to move | high | — |
| h₁reydʰ-mn̥ | an expedition, a mounted journey | high | — |
| h₂wegʰ- | to ride, go on a vehicle | high | — |
| h₂wegʰ-mn̥ | something moved, a vehicle | high | — |
| kʷékʷlos | wheel, circle | high | — |
| pertu- | crossing place, ford | high | — |
| wegʰ-₂ | to carry, convey, move on wheels | high | — |
| weǵʰ- | to carry in a vehicle, to transport | high | — |
| wegʰ-eyo- | to keep carrying, conveying | high | — |
travel7 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷem-₂ | to go, come, step | high | — |
| h₁ey-sko- | to begin to go, set out | medium | — |
| h₃eyH- | to go, travel, journey | high | — |
| h₃eyH-mn̥ | journey, going | high | — |
| neh₂-w- | to navigate, sail | high | — |
| neh₂-w-eyo- | to keep sailing, navigating | high | — |
| neh₂-w-tó- | skilled in water, seafarer | high | — |
tree1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰeHg-mn̥ | beech tree (nominal) | high | — |
trust2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱerd-eyo-₂ | to trust, place confidence | high | — |
| krey-dʰeh₁- | to place heart, believe, trust | high | — |
truth2 roots
twisting1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| terkʷ-mn̥ | that which twists, torch | high | — |
union3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʰeh₂d- | to unite, join, fit | high | — |
| gʰeHd- | to unite, join, be fitting | high | — |
| gʰeHd-mn̥- | a joining, meeting, gathering | high | — |
unity2 roots
value8 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| deyḱ-mn̥- | honor, worthiness, that which is fitting | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-eyo- | to keep sharpening, making worthy | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-tó- | sharpened, honed, valued | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-s-yó- | worthy, of great value | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-s- | willed, chosen, valuable | high | — |
| h₂welh₁-ú- | worth, value, strength | high | — |
| kʷey-₂ | to value, avenge, punish | high | — |
| preti- | back and forth, value given in return | high | — |
vehicle2 roots
verification1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| pro-bʰew- | to grow forth, prove | high | — |
vibration3 roots
violence14 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʰel-₃ | to cut, wound, kill | medium | — |
| ǵheysd-₂ | to strike, wound | high | — |
| gʷelH- | to pierce, prick, sting | high | — |
| gʷenh₂- | to strike, kill | high | — |
| gʷʰen- | to strike, to kill | high | 13 |
| gʷʰn̥-tó- | struck, killed | high | — |
| h₂neḱ-₂ | to die, perish, kill | high | — |
| h₁reHp-mn̥- | stolen goods, plunder | high | — |
| h₁rep-mn̥- | a snatching, stolen thing | high | — |
| ḱeh₂s- | to cut, castrate | high | — |
| kelh₂-₂ | to strike, cut, chop | medium | — |
| ḱerh₃- | to destroy, demolish | medium | — |
| kʷeyd- | to cut, fell, destroy | high | — |
| pleh₂k- | to strike, beat | high | — |
vision27 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰlendʰ- | to become dim, confused, blend | high | — |
| bʰlendʰ-₂ | to become unclear in vision, to be blind | high | — |
| derk- | to see, look at | high | — |
| derk-mn̥ | glance, piercing look | high | — |
| derkʷ- | to see clearly, gaze at | high | — |
| gʰaws- | to gaze, observe, perceive | medium | — |
| gʰel-it- | to sparkle, to flash with light | medium | — |
| gʰleyd- | to gleam, to shine intermittently | medium | — |
| gʷeyd- | to know, see, find | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-₂ | to see with the eye | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-mn̥ | swift motion, eye | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-mn̥-₂ | sharpness, point of the eye | high | — |
| h₃eḱ-tl- | instrument for seeing, the eye | high | — |
| h₂ekʷ- | to see, perceive | high | — |
| h₂ewg- | to shine, see | high | — |
| h₂weyd-₂ | to see, perceive, know | high | — |
| h₂weyd-es- | appearance, form, visible shape | high | — |
| h₂weyd-mn̥-₂ | form, visible shape | high | — |
| skeh₁-mn̥ | a shadow, a reflection | medium | — |
| skey-h₂- | to cast a shadow, to shade | high | — |
| speh₁-ḱ- | to look, observe carefully | high | — |
| speh₁-ḱ-mn̥ | that which is observed, sight | high | — |
| speh₁-ḱ-mn̥-₂ | act of looking, observation | high | — |
| speh₁-ḱ-yo- | to look at carefully, observe | high | — |
| spek- | to observe carefully, to look at | high | — |
| speḱ-eyo- | to keep looking, observing | high | — |
| weyd-eyo- | to keep seeing, oversee | high | — |
vitality3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷeyh₃-tó- | alive, living | high | — |
| weg- | to be lively, vigorous | high | — |
| weyh₁-tó- | pursued, hunted | high | — |
void1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ǵheh₂-w- | to gape, be wide open (extended) | high | — |
walking5 roots
war4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁er- | to set in motion, to stir up for war | medium | — |
| h₂er-mn̥ | a joining, a fitted thing | high | — |
| h₁weyh₁- | to pursue, to seek with force | medium | — |
| keh₂d-tro- | fortified place, castle | high | — |
warfare3 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₂eḱ-mn̥-₂ | edge, blade, sharp line | high | — |
| h₂elg- | to ward off, protect | high | — |
| kelh₂-mn̥ | something hidden, concealed thing | high | — |
waste1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| ḱeh₂-k-mn̥- | dung, excrement | medium | — |
water58 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰlewH- | to overflow, to well up | medium | — |
| dʰenh₂- | to flow, to run (liquid) | medium | — |
| dʰewb- | to dip, to sink into liquid | high | — |
| dʰewh₂- | to flow, to run in drops | high | — |
| dʰews- | to scatter, to sprinkle (dew) | medium | — |
| dʰrewn- | to fall into water, to drown | medium | — |
| dʰreyb- | to drip, to fall in drops | medium | — |
| ǵʰew- | to pour, to offer libation | high | — |
| gʰew-r- | that which is poured, stream | high | — |
| gʰewd-₂ | to pour out, to pour a libation | high | — |
| gʷelH-₂ | to drip, to spring forth as a well | high | — |
| gʷhedʰ-₂ | to sink, plunge | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-weh₂ | sharp water, flowing water | medium | — |
| h₂ekʷeh₂- | water, body of water | high | — |
| h₂ep-ero- | shore, bank, further side | high | — |
| h₂ep-es- | river, flowing water | high | — |
| h₁eyH- | ice, frost | high | — |
| h₂kʷeh₂- | water (nominal) | high | — |
| h₂neg- | to swim, float along | high | — |
| Hreg- | to wet, to rain | medium | — |
| h₁reyH- | to flow, to stream (river) | high | — |
| h₂reyH- | to flow, to run as a stream | high | — |
| h₂weh₁-r- | water, rain, river | high | — |
| h₂weh₂-t- | water (extended nominal) | high | — |
| h₂weHd- | to soak, to wet through | high | — |
| ḱlew-d- | to rinse, to wash clean | medium | — |
| leHw- | to wash, bathe | high | — |
| leHw-mn̥ | washing, bath | high | — |
| lewh₃- | to wash, bathe, purify | high | — |
| leyH- | to pour, flow | medium | — |
| lókus | body of still water, lake | high | — |
| meld- | to soften, to melt | high | — |
| móri | body of water, sea, lake | high | — |
| mori- | sea, body of water | high | — |
| mori-₂ | body of standing water, lake or sea | high | — |
| neh₂-w-eyo- | to keep sailing, navigating | high | — |
| neh₂-w-tó- | skilled in water, seafarer | high | — |
| pisk- | fish, aquatic creature | high | — |
| plew- | to flow, to swim | high | — |
| plew-d- | to flow, float, flee | high | — |
| plew-k- | to float, fly, flow | medium | — |
| plew-mn̥-₂ | a flowing, stream, flood | high | — |
| ser- | to flow, to move | high | — |
| sneh₂- | to swim, flow, bathe | medium | — |
| snew- | to flow, swim, drip | medium | — |
| sprenǵʰ- | to spring up, to burst forth | medium | — |
| srew- | to flow, to stream | high | — |
| srew-es- | a flow, a running stream | high | — |
| srew-mn̥ | a flowing, a stream course | high | — |
| srew-mn̥- | a flow, stream, current | high | — |
| srew-p- | to flow, stream, drip | high | — |
| stew- | to push upward, to steam | medium | — |
| swem- | to swim, to be in motion | high | — |
| wed- | to wet, to be moist | high | — |
| weH-d- | to wash, to wet | high | — |
| weh₂-gʰ- | to move on water, to sail | medium | — |
| weh₂gʰ- | to move in waves, to waver | medium | — |
| werh₃-s- | to rain, to drip moisture | medium | — |
wealth4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷōws | cow, cattle | high | 27 |
| h₃ep- | to work, produce | high | — |
| h₃erbʰ-mn̥- | inheritance, passed-down wealth | high | — |
| peḱu- | livestock, wealth in cattle | high | — |
weapon4 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| gʷelH-mn̥-₂ | thrown thing, projectile | high | — |
| gʷʰn̥-tó-₂ | struck down, slain | medium | — |
| h₂erk-es- | bow, curved weapon | high | — |
| skewH-d- | to shoot, to project forward | high | — |
weapons12 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bʰewgʰ- | to bend (a bow) | high | — |
| bʰeyd- | to split, to cleave (blade) | high | — |
| h₂egʷs-ih₂ | axe, chopping tool | high | — |
| h₂enh₁-dʰ- | to strike on (an anvil) | medium | — |
| h₂erkʷ- | to bend, to form an arrow/bow | high | — |
| h₂melh₂- | to crush, to grind (with a hammer) | high | — |
| keg- | to catch, to hook | medium | — |
| klew-b- | to strike with a club, lump | medium | — |
| kneyH- | to scrape, to cut with a knife | medium | — |
| ḱpey- | sharp point, spear | medium | — |
| ned- | to bind, to knot (a net) | high | — |
| swerd- | to cut, sword | medium | — |
wear2 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| terh₂-eyo- | to keep boring through | high | — |
| terh₂-mn̥- | a wearing through, grinding | high | — |
weariness1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| leh₁-d- | to let, leave alone, be weary | high | — |
weather33 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| (H)meyǵʰ- | to urinate, to mist | medium | — |
| (s)teh₂n- | to thunder | high | — |
| (s)tenh₂- | to crash, to thunder | high | — |
| bʰleh₁-s- | to blow, to blast | high | — |
| bʰleḱ- | to flash, lightning flash | high | — |
| dʰewh₂- | to flow, to run in drops | high | — |
| dʰweyh₂-mn̥ | smoke, vapor rising from fire | high | — |
| gel- | cold, to freeze | high | — |
| ǵʰey- | winter, cold, snow | high | — |
| ǵʰeymen- | winter, cold season | high | — |
| gʰreh₂d- | frozen pellets from sky, hail | medium | — |
| gʰrem- | to be angry, thunder, roar | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-mn̥ | sharp stone, thunderbolt | high | — |
| h₁eyǵ- | icy, to be covered in ice | high | — |
| h₃nebʰ- | cloud, mist, sky | high | — |
| h₂weh₁-n- | wind, moving air | high | — |
| h₂weh₁-nt- | blowing, wind | high | — |
| h₂weh₁-t- | wind, blowing (nominal) | high | — |
| h₂wéh₁n̥tos | wind, blowing | high | — |
| h₁weHs-r- | spring, spring season | high | — |
| h₂weHs-r- | spring season, the verdant time | high | — |
| h₂welg- | to be damp, to be moist | medium | — |
| nebʰ- | cloud, mist | high | — |
| nebʰ-₂ | damp cloud, fog, mist | high | — |
| nebʰ-eyo- | to keep clouding, obscuring | medium | — |
| pres- | to freeze, burn with cold | high | — |
| prews- | to freeze, to burn with cold | high | — |
| sneyǵʰ- | to precipitate snow | high | — |
| sneyǵʰ-mn̥- | snowfall, act of snowing | high | — |
| snéygʷʰ- | snow, frozen precipitation | high | 13 |
| weh₁-t- | to blow, inspire | high | — |
| weh₂-tó- | blown, windy | high | — |
| werh₃-s- | to rain, to drip moisture | medium | — |
weight9 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| dʰreǵ-mn̥ | that which is dragged, burden | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-d- | heavy, weighty, pregnant | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-eyo- | to keep weighing, considering | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-mn̥- | heaviness, weight, burden | high | — |
| gʷerh₃-tú- | heaviness, weight, dignity | high | — |
| gʷreh₂-wis- | weighing, heaviness | high | — |
| gʷreh₂w- | to be heavy, weighty | high | — |
| pend-eyo- | to keep weighing, hanging | high | — |
| teh₂l-mn̥ | that which endures, weight | high | — |
will1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| h₁weḱ- | to wish, want, will | high | — |
wisdom1 root
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| seh₂g-mn̥ | that which is sought, trail | high | — |
writing11 roots
| Root | Meaning | Confidence | Descendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| bheh₂ǵ-es- | beech tree, its nut | high | — |
| bʰeHg-mn̥ | beech tree (nominal) | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-₃ | to write, scratch, draw | high | — |
| gʰrebʰ-mn̥- | a seizing, thing grasped | high | — |
| gʷreh₂-w-mn̥- | a weighing, measured mass | high | — |
| h₂eḱ-u-mn̥- | a document, sharp record | high | — |
| peHǵ-mn̥ | that which is fixed, page | high | — |
| peth₂-mn̥ | that which spreads/flies | high | — |
| sker-bʰ-eyo- | to keep cutting, inscribe | high | — |
| skreybʰ-mn̥- | a scratching, writing | high | — |
| skrībʰ- | to scratch marks, write | high | — |
Language Family Tree
The Indo-European family descends from Proto-Indo-European through a series of intermediate proto-languages. Each branch below links to its detail page. Counts reflect the number of languages and attested root reflexes currently in the database.
Proto-Indo-Europeanc. 4500 -- 2500 BCE (reconstructed)