PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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B2 roots

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
bʰer-s-	top, point, bristling tip	agriculturebody	medium	0
bʰrewh₁-	to brew, to boil	foodagriculture	high	0

D1 root

dʰugh₂-

to milk, to be productive

foodagriculture

medium

G7 roots

gallīnā	hen, domestic fowl	animalsagriculture	low
gʰáydos	goat, young goat	animalsagriculture	high
ǵher-	to enclose, grasp	enclosuresocialagriculture	high
gʰordʰ-	to enclose, gird	enclosuredwellingagriculture	high
gʷher-mn̥	warm, to ferment	foodagriculture	medium
gʷreh₂-no-₂	grain, kernel	agriculturefood	high
gʷreh₂no-	grain, wheat	foodagriculture	medium

H18 roots

h₂eǵ-ro-	field, pasture	natureagriculture	high
h₂eǵ-ro-₂	field, open grazing land	agriculturelandscape	high
h₂eḱ-es-	spike of grain, pointed ear of wheat	agriculturetool	high
h₂eḱ-r-₂	field, open land	agriculturegeography	high
h₂eḱ-ro-	field, acre, open land	agriculturenature	high
h₁éḱwos₂	horse, swift one	animalsagriculture	high
h₂erh₃-	to plough, to till	socialagriculture	high
h₂erH-	to plough, till the land	agricultureearth	high
h₂erh₃-mn̥	the plowed thing, a field	agriculturelandscape	high
h₂erh₃-mn̥-	plowed field, tillable ground	agriculturelandscape	medium
h₂erH-tl-	plough, tilling tool	agriculturetool	high
h₂erh₃-tro-	plowing instrument	agriculturetool	high
h₁ew-dʰ-	to udder, swell with milk	bodyagricultureabundance	high
h₁ewdʰ-	to swell with abundance, to be rich	bodyagriculture	medium
h₂ewg-mn̥-₂	act of growing, increase	societyagriculture	high
h₂melǵ-	to milk, to wipe	foodagriculture	high
h₂melǵ-₂	to wipe off, to milk by squeezing	bodyagriculture	high
h₂melḱ-	to milk, wipe	agriculturefoodbody	high

K17 roots

ḱeh₂k-mn̥	an enclosure, hedge	agriculturelandscape	medium
ḱerh₂-men-	growth, sprouting grain	agriculturegrowth	high
kerh₂-p-	to pluck, to gather by hand	agricultureaction	high
kerp-	to pluck, to harvest	makingagriculture	high
ḱerp-	to pluck, gather, harvest	agriculturegathering	high
ḱerp-₂	to pluck, to harvest by cutting	agricultureaction	high
kerp-es-	gathered crop, harvest yield	domesticagriculture	high
ḱerp-eyo-	to keep plucking, harvesting	actionagriculture	high
kerp-mn̥	act of plucking, a harvest	agriculture	medium
ḱerp-mn̥-	a plucking, harvest	agricultureaction	high
kreh₁-	to grow, nourish (Ceres)	growthagriculturereligion	high
krey-h₂-₂	to sift, to separate grain	agriculturecognition	high
kʷel-	to turn, to move around, to cultivate	foodagriculturemotion	high
kʷel-₂	to turn, revolve, dwell around	movementdwellingagriculture	high
kʷel-eyo-	to keep turning, tending	agriculturesocial	high
kʷel-mn̥-₂	a turning, cultivation	agriculturesocial	high
kʷelh₁-mn̥	a turning, a cycle	agriculturesociety	high

L1 root

līno-

flax, linen

clothdressagriculture

high

M2 roots

meh₂-d-	to be wet, drip, flow	moisturefoodagriculture	high	0
meHt-	to reap, mow	agriculturecutting	high	0

P8 roots

peh₂-s-	to feed, to graze, to protect	foodagriculture	high
peh₂-s-mn̥	act of protecting, a shelter for animals	agriculturesociety	high
peh₂-sk-	to feed, nourish, graze	foodagriculture	high
peh₂-tó-	fed, pastured, protected	foodagriculturereligion	high
pekʷ-	to cook, to ripen	foodagriculture	high
perk-	to dig up, furrow	agricultureearth	high
pewH-tro-	instrument for cutting, pruning tool	toolagriculture	medium
pleh₁ḱ-	to plait, to weave flax	clothdressagriculture	medium

S11 roots

seh₁-	to sow, to plant	natureagriculture	high
seh₁-d-	to sow, plant (extended)	agriculturetime	high
seh₁-mn̥	seed, the thing sown	agriculturelife	high
seh₁-mn̥-	seed, that which is planted	agriculturelife	high
seh₁-mn̥-₂	seed, sowing	agriculturereproduction	high
seh₁-mn̥-₃	sowing, seed time	agriculturereproductiontime	high
seh₁-mn̥-₄	seed, that which is sown	agriculturereproduction	high
seh₁-mn̥-₅	the act of sowing, planting season	agriculturetime	high
seh₁-tó-	sown, planted	agriculturetime	high
séh₁mn̥	seed, sown grain	foodagriculture	high
suh₂-	pig, swine	animalsagriculture	high

T1 root

táwros

bull, aurochs

animalsagriculture

high

W1 root

werh₃-dʰ-

root, that which grows upward

plantagriculture

high

Y2 roots

yewg-	to join, to yoke together	actionagriculture	high	0
yugóm	yoke, to join	toolsagriculture	high	0