PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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B1 root

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
bʰeh₁-mn̥	utterance, speech	speechfamedestiny	high	0

D2 roots

del-	to count, recount, tell	speechnumber	high	0
deyḱ-₂	to show, point out, pronounce solemnly	speechlawcommunication	high	0

G8 roots

gerh₂-₂	to cry, call out	speechsoundemotion	high
ǵhel-₂	to call, cry, shout	soundspeech	high
gʰh₁ew-	to call, invoke	speechritual	medium
ǵhwer-	to sound, resound	soundspeech	high
gʷerh₂-₂	to cry out, call aloud	speechconflict	high
gʷerh₂-mn̥	speech, complaint	speechconflict	high
gʷeyh₃-₂	to sing, cry out	speechsoundritual	high
gʷhedʰ-	to ask, pray, bid	speechreligion	high

H3 roots

h₂erk-₂	to sing, praise	speechritualreligion	high
h₁wegʷʰ-	to speak solemnly, vow	speechrituallaw	high
h₁wekʷ-	to speak, say	speechcommunication	high

K1 root

ḱwey-

to hiss, whistle

soundspeech

medium

L1 root

lewgʰ-

to swear, lie, break oath

speechdeception

high

S1 root

sengʷ-

to sing, make an incantation

musicspeechritual

high

W4 roots

wekʷ-₂	to speak, tell, voice	speechcommunication	high
werh₃-₂	to speak, say	speechcommunication	high
werH-mn̥	that which turns, verse	rotationspeechbody	high
werHd-	to speak, say formally	speechlanguage	high