PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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B4 roots

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence
bʰleh₁-k-	to cry out, to bleat	soundanimal	medium
bʰleh₁-s-	to blow, to blast	soundweather	high
bʰormo-	to buzz, murmur, drone	soundvibration	medium
bʰrem-	to hum, to buzz, to make a low sound	sound	medium

G12 roots

ǵeh₂-	to sing, to chant, to cry out	soundreligion	high
gerh₂-₂	to cry, call out	speechsoundemotion	high
gerH-	to cry out hoarsely, to call like a crane	soundanimal	high
ǵerH-	to cry out, call	soundbird	high
ǵheh₁-bʰ-	to yawn open, to gape	bodysound	high
ǵhel-₂	to call, cry, shout	soundspeech	high
gʰel-mn̥	a cry, a calling out	soundcommunication	medium
ǵhel-mn̥	a calling, a yelling out	soundcommunication	medium
gʰrem-	to be angry, thunder, roar	emotionsoundweather	high
gʰrendʰ-eyo-	to keep grinding, grating	soundaction	high
ǵhwer-	to sound, resound	soundspeech	high
gʷeyh₃-₂	to sing, cry out	speechsoundritual	high

H3 roots

h₂ew-dʰ-es-	perception by ear, an audience	soundcognition	high
h₂ew-dʰ-mn̥	hearing, the act of perceiving sound	soundcognition	high
h₁wekʷ-es-	voice, spoken word	communicationsound	high

K10 roots

ḱeh₁-n-	to sing, chant, intone	soundcommunication	high
kelh₁-d-	to strike so as to ring, to resound	soundcommunication	medium
ḱenk-mn̥	something hung, a singing	soundcommunication	medium
ḱerh₂-mn̥-₂	horn instrument, trumpet call	soundmaterial	medium
kewh₂s-	to cough, to expel air violently	bodysoundmedicine	medium
ḱlew-mn̥-₂	that which is called, a summons	communicationsound	high
kleyH-	to ring out, to resound	soundcommunication	high
krek-	to make a sharp sound, to crack	sound	high
kʷeHs-	to gasp, to pant, to wheeze	bodysoundmedicine	medium
ḱwey-	to hiss, whistle	soundspeech	medium

M1 root

mur-

to murmur, to mutter softly

soundcommunication

medium

P2 roots

pleh₁-dʰ-	to clap, to strike flat	actionsound	high	0
pstew-	to sneeze, to expel through the nose	bodysoundmedicine	medium	0

R1 root

rewH-

to roar, to bellow loudly

sound

high

S3 roots

sengʷʰ-mn̥-	sung thing, incantation	soundritual	high
swer-₂	to buzz, to hum, to swarm	soundanimal	medium
sweys-	to hiss, to whistle through air	sound	medium

Other2 roots

(s)teh₂n-	to thunder	natureweathersound	high	0
(s)tenh₂-	to crash, to thunder	weathersound	high	0