PIE Roots

An index of reconstructed Proto-Indo-European roots. Each entry links to a full page with descendant tables, sound law references, and scholarly discussion.

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D2 roots

Root	Meaning	Semantic Field	Confidence	Descendants
derkʷ-	to see clearly, gaze at	perceptionvision	high	0
derkʷ-mn̥-	a seeing, keen gaze	perceptionmythological	high	0

G5 roots

ǵews-tó-	tasted, chosen by taste	perceptiontaste	high	0
gʰaw-es-	to gape at, marvel	emotionperception	medium	0
gʰaws-tó-	observed, perceived	spiritperception	medium	0
ǵneh₃-	to know, to recognise	cognitionperception	high	31
gʷeyd-eyo-	to keep seeing, watching over	perceptiondirection	high	0

H11 roots

h₃ed-mn̥-	smell, odor	perceptionsmell	high	0
h₂eḱ-eyo-	to keep sharpening, making keen	qualityperception	high	0
h₃eḱ-tó-₂	seen, having sight	perceptionbody	high	0
h₃eḱ-ulo-	having eyes, relating to sight	perceptionbody	high	0
h₂ekʷ-	to see, perceive	visionperception	high	0
h₂ew-	to perceive, to hear	perceptioncognition	high	16
h₂ew-dʰ-	to perceive, be aware	perceptionhearing	high	0
h₂ews-dʰ-	to hear, give ear to	perceptionhearing	high	0
h₂ews-es-	ear, hearing organ	bodyperception	high	0
h₂eyd-s-	to be in awe, revere	emotionperceptionsacred	medium	0
h₂weyd-	to see, to know (having seen)	cognitionperception	high	0

K5 roots

kew-eyo-	to keep observing, heeding	cognitionperception	high	0
ḱlew-	to hear, to listen	perceptionsocial	high	18
ḱlew-es-	fame, that which is heard	reputationperception	high	0
ḱlew-eyo-	to keep hearing, listening to	perceptionhearing	high	0
ḱlew-s-	to hear about, become famous	perceptionreputation	high	0

L1 root

lewk-

light, brightness

natureperceptioncelestial

high

S4 roots

speh₁-ḱ-yo-	to look at carefully, observe	perceptionvision	high
speḱ-eyo-	to keep looking, observing	perceptionvision	high
speḱ-mn̥-	a looking, appearance, vision	perceptionappearance	high
stey-mn̥-	a pricking, stimulus, mark	perceptionmarking	high

T2 roots

teh₂g-mn̥-	a touching, point of contact	perceptioncontact	high	0
tewk-eyo-	to keep touching, testing	perceptioncontact	medium	0

W3 roots

weyd-	to see, to know	perceptioncognition	high	35
weyd-eyo-	to keep seeing, oversee	perceptionvision	high	0
weyd-mn̥-	form, appearance, seen thing	perceptionform	high	0